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BIO 185 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many h bonds for thymine and adenine

A

2

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2
Q

how many h bonds for guanine and cytosine

A

3

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3
Q

what is the “central dogma”

A

DNA….RNA……Protein

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4
Q

what is genotype

A

genetic makeup
potential properties
not expressed
Bb

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5
Q

how many encoding genes in e coli

A

4290

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6
Q

how many protein encoding genes in humans

A

30,000

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7
Q

what is phenotype

A

actual expressed properties
manifestation of genotype
brown

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8
Q

what are chromosomes

A

structures of DNA carrying the hereditary info

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9
Q

what are genes

A

segments of chromosomes coding for products

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10
Q

what is DNA replication

A

parent double stranded
2 identical daughter

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11
Q

what is DNA polymerase

A

proofreading capability
1 mistake every 1010 added bases
makes DNA
opens it up

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12
Q

does RNA polymerase proofread

A

no

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13
Q

what is transcription

A

synthesis of complimentary strand of RNA from DNA
mRNA carries info to ribosomes

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14
Q

what is translation

A

protein synthesis
ribosome- 2 subunits assembled together containing RNA
mRNA fed through ribosome
tRNA carries specific amino acid and assembles

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15
Q

what is a codon

A

sequence of 3 bases

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16
Q

how many possible codons for 20 amino acids

A

64

17
Q

how many sense codons

A

61

18
Q

how many nonsense codons

A

3

19
Q

what is a mutation

A

error in the gene
1 every 10 bil there is a mistake or every 4 cells
change in base sequence of DNA
most are deleterious

20
Q

what is the most common mutation

A

base substituion

21
Q

what is novel protein

A

inproving ability to survive
improving reproduction

22
Q

what is a missense mutation

A

incorrect insertion of amino acid in protien
least harmful
codon changes which changes amino acid

23
Q

what is a nonsense mutation

A

creating a stop codon in middle of mRNA molecule
2nd most harmful

24
Q

what is a frameshift mutation

A

nucleotides either added or deleted
worse mutation

25
Q

what is spontaneous mutations

A

occurs during normal DNA replication
proofreading capability of DNA

26
Q

what causes mutations

A

chemical and physical mutagens

27
Q

what is transformation

A

horizontally transfer of naked DNA
bacteria incorporate fragments of foreign DNA and insert into its DNA

28
Q

what is transduction

A

horizontal
phage DNA integrates into bacterial DNA-prophage
stimulus activates prophage to produce new viruses
bacteria; DNa may be attached to phage DNA infecting new cells

29
Q

what is conjugation

A

horizontal
requires direct contact
cells joined by sex pilus
plasmid can be incorporated into bacterial DNA

BIO 185 (19 decks)

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