Genetics

Question 1

how many h bonds for thymine and adenine

Answer 1

2

Question 2

how many h bonds for guanine and cytosine

Answer 2

3

Question 3

what is the “central dogma”

Answer 3

DNA….RNA……Protein

Question 4

what is genotype

Answer 4

genetic makeup
potential properties
not expressed
Bb

Question 5

how many encoding genes in e coli

Answer 5

4290

Question 6

how many protein encoding genes in humans

Answer 6

30,000

Question 7

what is phenotype

Answer 7

actual expressed properties
manifestation of genotype
brown

Question 8

what are chromosomes

Answer 8

structures of DNA carrying the hereditary info

Question 9

what are genes

Answer 9

segments of chromosomes coding for products

Question 10

what is DNA replication

Answer 10

parent double stranded
2 identical daughter

Question 11

what is DNA polymerase

Answer 11

proofreading capability
1 mistake every 1010 added bases
makes DNA
opens it up

Question 12

does RNA polymerase proofread

Answer 12

no

Question 13

what is transcription

Answer 13

synthesis of complimentary strand of RNA from DNA
mRNA carries info to ribosomes

Question 14

what is translation

Answer 14

protein synthesis
ribosome- 2 subunits assembled together containing RNA
mRNA fed through ribosome
tRNA carries specific amino acid and assembles

Question 15

what is a codon

Answer 15

sequence of 3 bases

Question 16

how many possible codons for 20 amino acids

Answer 16

64

Question 17

how many sense codons

Answer 17

61

Question 18

how many nonsense codons

Answer 18

3

Question 19

what is a mutation

Answer 19

error in the gene
1 every 10 bil there is a mistake or every 4 cells
change in base sequence of DNA
most are deleterious

Question 20

what is the most common mutation

Answer 20

base substituion

Question 21

what is novel protein

Answer 21

inproving ability to survive
improving reproduction

Question 22

what is a missense mutation

Answer 22

incorrect insertion of amino acid in protien
least harmful
codon changes which changes amino acid

Question 23

what is a nonsense mutation

Answer 23

creating a stop codon in middle of mRNA molecule
2nd most harmful

Question 24

what is a frameshift mutation

Answer 24

nucleotides either added or deleted
worse mutation

Question 25

what is spontaneous mutations

Answer 25

occurs during normal DNA replication
proofreading capability of DNA

Question 26

what causes mutations

Answer 26

chemical and physical mutagens

Question 27

what is transformation

Answer 27

horizontally transfer of naked DNA
bacteria incorporate fragments of foreign DNA and insert into its DNA

Question 28

what is transduction

Answer 28

horizontal
phage DNA integrates into bacterial DNA-prophage
stimulus activates prophage to produce new viruses
bacteria; DNa may be attached to phage DNA infecting new cells

Question 29

what is conjugation

Answer 29

horizontal
requires direct contact
cells joined by sex pilus
plasmid can be incorporated into bacterial DNA