Chemistry Flashcards
what is organic chemistry
carbon containing compounds
what is biochemistry
living systems
metabolism
how many electrons in first shell
2
how many electrons in 2nd shell
8
how many electrons in 3rd shell
8
how many electrons in 4th shell
18
what are valence electrons
combining capacity of outermost shell
what are chemical reactions
combination to fill outermost shell-valence electrons
what determines an element
proton
what is an isotope
elements with same number of protons and electrons
different number of neutrons
what is an ion
elements with same number of protons and neutrons
different number of electrons
protons-electrons=
charge of atom
what determines atomic weight
neutron
what are molecules
combination of atoms held together by bonds
what are ionic bonds
electrostatic attraction of cation and anion
electrons transferred
weakish electrostatic attraction
what are covalent bonds
strong attraction
electrons shared
saring of one or more pairs of electrons
common in living organisms
long chain compounds
takes energy to rip apart
what are hydrogen bonds
weakest bond
electrostatic attraction of polar molecules
temporary binding in proteins and nucleic acids
not much energy required to break bonds
what is a polar molecule
slightcharge at each end
how many bonds per molecule for hydrogen bonding
4
what is the Collison theory
velocity of particles
orientation
what is activation energy
heat
pressure
enzymes
what are acids dissociated into
hydrogen ions
what are bases dissociated into
hydroxide ions
what are salts dissociated into
anions and cations other than hydrogen and hydroxide
what are buffers
substances which accept hydrogen and hydroxide ions
how many valence electrons does carbon have
4
what are the types of carbon bonds
single
double
triple
cyclic compounds
what are carbs made of
carbon
hydrogen
o2
how many carbons in a monosaccharide
3-7
what are disaccharides
2 monosaccharides
what is the bond that joins carbs
glycosidic bond
what are polysaccharides
tens to hundreds of monosaccharides
glycosidic bond
what are examples of polysaccharides
cellulose
glycogen
startch
peptidoglycan
what is the storage of glucose for plants
startch
what are lipids made of
carbon
hydrogen
o2
what are some properties of lipids
non-polar hydrophobic
structure of cell membranes
wat are simple lipids
glycerol + fatty acids
what are complex lipids
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
what is LPS
lipopolysaccharide- can cause fever and septic shock
what are proteins made of
carbon
hydrogen
o2
nitrogen
some sulfur
how many amino acids
21
what is the bond for amino aicds
peptide bond
what is the primary protein structure
unique sequence of amino acids
what is the secondary structure of ptoetins
localized twisting or folding ofchains
alpha helix and beta sheet
what is the tertiary structure of ptoetins
overall 3D structure
what is the quaternary structure of protiens
combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains
what are some charactertistics of DNA
stores genetic info
double stranded
phosphodiester bond
dexoyribose
thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine
what is a phosphodiester bond
covalent bond that holds dna together
what is the sugar backbone of DNA
dexoyribose
what are the characteristics of RNA
single strnaded
ribose
uracil replaces thymine
