General Epidemiology Flashcards
1
Q
Veterinarians can cause iatrogenic infections.
A
T
2
Q
Arthropod borne infections are direct infections
A
F
3
Q
Arthopod born infections are indirect infections
A
T
4
Q
Arthropods can be involved in indirect infections.
A
T
5
Q
Venereal infections is a direct infection
A
T
6
Q
In the case of iatrogenic infections the infective agents are transmitted by the
veterinarian
A
T
7
Q
Drinking water cannot transmit infective agents since it is hypoosmotic
A
F
8
Q
In case of direct infection tissues of the infected animal are contacted with tissues of the
host
A
T
9
Q
In the case of aerogenic infection the agents are transmitted with air.
A
T
10
Q
Aerogenic infection is a form of direct infection
A
F
11
Q
In the case of aerogenic infection the agent is transmitted by the air.
A
T
12
Q
Infective agents cannot survive in the soil, so soil cannot be a source of infection
A
F
13
Q
In the case of iatrogenic infection the agent is transmitted by humans
A
T
14
Q
Direct infection happens when infected animals pass the infection with water
A
F
15
Q
If the arthropod is a true vector, if it brings the pathogen into a susceptible animal
A
F
16
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if the pathogen also replicates in the susceptible animal
A
T
False?
17
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it propagates the pathogen
A
T
18
Q
The arthropod is a true vector, if it can take the pathogen to a further distance
A
F
19
Q
Infection cannot happen through water since bacteria and viruses are inactivated in
water.
A
F
20
Q
Meat is never involved in transmission of infections since fermentation of meat kills
agents
A
F
21
Q
Some infective agents are transmitted with eggs
A
T
22
Q
Germinative infection is more frequent in birds than in mammals.
A
T
23
Q
Germinative infection is very frequent in mammals
A
F
24
Q
Germinative infection is seen in mammals
A
T
25
Mammals can infect their offspring through milk
T
26
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies
F
27
Intrauterine infection happens if the foetus is infected during pregnancy from the dam
T
28
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals
F
29
Horizontally infections happen only in birds
F
30
Germinative infection is frequent in mammals, it will result in malformation of the
foetuses
F
31
Galactogen infection cannot happen when the animals receive colostrum, since the
antibodies in the colostrum prevent it
F
32
In the case of horizontal infection animals in the same group infect each other.
T
33
Intra uterine infection can occur in pregnant animals.
T
34
Germinative infection can happen in birds.
T
35
Galactogen infection is a form of horizontal infections.
F
36
If the dam infects newborn animals, we speak about horizontal infection
F
37
Germinative infection can occur mainly in mammals.
F
38
In the case of galactogen infection the agent is transmitted by milk
T
39
In the case of horizontal infection the agent is spreading between animals of about the
same age
T
40
Horizontal infection does not occur in mammals
F
41
Vertical infection does not occur in mammals.
F
42
Germinative infection does not occur in mammals.
F
43
Galactogen infection does not occur in mammals
F
44
In germinative infection, the placenta is infected by the mother during pregnancy
F
45
Germinative infection is a rare form of horizontal infection
F
46
In germinative infection, the newborn is infected through the milk.
F
47
Zoonotic agents can cause disease in animals and humans
T
48
In the case of cyclozoonoses arthropods are responsible for maintaining the infections
F
49
If agents are passed from animals to humans, we speak about zoonosis
T
50
If humans infect animals we speak about metazoonoses.
F
51
Cyclozoonoses require an arthropod for transmission
F
52
In the case of zoonotic diseases animals and humans can infect each other
T
53
In the case of saprozoonoses animals and humans are infected from the same source.
T
54
In case of secondary infection, a bacterium infects an individual, which is already infected with a pathogen.
T
55
In case of secondary infection, a new pathogen infects an already cured animal
F
56
In case of secondary infection, two pathogens infect the host simultaneously
F
57
In case of secondary infection, one of the agents is always a virus
F
58
Facultative pathogenic agents are helped by predisposing factors
T
59
Stenoxen agents have a wide host range
F
60
Euryxen agents have a wide host range
T
61
An euryxen agent can infect several host species
T
62
There is no minimum number of agents necessary to infection, because they can
replicate in the host
F
63
Mutations generally result decrease of the virulence
T
64
Immunogenicity of the different agents is different
T
65
There is a minimum number of each agent that is necessary to infect animals
T
66
A minimum amount of bacteria or viruses is needed to a successful infection
T
67
Virulence of an agent can be characterized with its LD50 value
T
68
Pathogenicity means the ability of the agent to cause disease
T
69
Virulence means the level of pathogenicity.
T
70
The amount of the agent does not influence the outcome of the infection, since it can
replicate in the host
F
71
In the case of optimal way of infection the least amount of agent can cause disease
T
72
The virulence of the agents is connected to virulence factors
T
73
Virulence is a stable characteristic of an agent.
F
74
The way of the infection (entrance of the agents) can influence its outcome
T
75
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed spontaneously
T
76
In case of a secondary infection the agent complicates a primary infection.
T
77
Virulence of a bacterium or virus can be changed
T
78
The virulence factors help the agents in causing disease.
T
79
Virulence variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
T
80
Pathogenic variants can occur within a bacterium or virus species
T
81
Species specific resistance can be overcome by increasing the number of agents
F
82
Within a pathogenic species no avirulent strains can occur.
F
83
Foetuses can have active immune response
T
84
Newborn animals have local immune response
T
85
Foetuses do not have immune reactions
F
86
Fetuses have no active immune response
F
87
The skin, mucous membranes and mucous are parts of the non specific resistance
system of the host
T
88
The normal microflora of the gut is essential for animals; they cannot live without it
F
89
Foetuses have no immune response; they appear only in 2-4 week old animals
F
90
The age of the animals does not influence their susceptibility to a certain agent
F
91
Susceptibility to a disease can be influenced by age
T
92
Certain medicines and agents can decrease the protection of the hosts
T
93
Species specific resistance means that certain agents cannot infect certain hosts
T
94
Species related resistance means that certain agents cannot cause infection in resistant
host species.
T
95
Animals cannot be infected with certain agents if they have species specific resistance.
T
96
Certain animal species are resistant against certain agents
T
97
Chicken embryos are able to produce an immune response
T
98
Cellular immune response is very important in the case of viral diseases
T
99
Gastric juice can protect the host from infections
T
100
From 2nd trimester of pregnancy, the foetus produces an immune response against any antigen.
F
101
There is no immune response in the foetus, only from 4 weeks after birth.
F
102
Unfavourable environmental effects can predispose animals to diseases caused by facultative pathogenic agents.
T
103
Nutrition of the animals can influence the appearance of infectious diseases
T
104
Environmental effects can influence the survival of the agents in the environment
T
105
Mycotoxins can suppress the activity of the immune system
T
106
Certain mycotoxins have immune suppressive effect
T
107
Overcrowding can help the spreading of several infectious diseases
T
108
Deserts can inhibit the spreading of several infectious diseases.
T
109
Viruses causing generalised diseases generally replicate at the place of entry and in the regional lymph nodes
T
110
The lesions are at the place of entry of the agent in the case of local infections
T
111
In the case of a local infection the site of entry and the lesions are at the same place
T
112
Lesions can be seen in different organs in the case of generalised diseases
T
113
Intra uterine infection can result immune tolerance in the case of some diseaseS
T
114
Intra uterine infection can result embryonic death in the case of some diseases
T
115
Intra uterine infection does not occur since the placenta protects the foetus
F
116
Fetuses cannot be infested since the placenta completely isolates them
F
117
The incubation time is the time between the appearance of the clinical signs and death
of the animal
F
118
The incubation time is the time between infection and the appearance of clinical signs
T
119
The incubation time lasts from the infection till the manifestation of the clinical signs
T
120
Some infective agents have immunosuppressive effect
T
121
Some infective agents can cause malformation of fetuses
T
122
Subacute diseases last one or 2 days.
F
123
Intra uterine infections does not occur in mammals since the agents cannot penetrate
the placenta
F
124
In the case of local infections the lesions can be seen at the site of entry
T
125
In the case of generalised infections the agent is generally spreading with blood.
T
126
In the case of generalised infections the placenta prevents the infection of the foetus
F
127
Some agents can spread along the nerves.
T
128
The agent does not replicate in dead end hosts
F
129
Dead end hosts do not show clinical signs, they die without signs
F
130
In the case of latent infection the agents are continuously shed
F
131
Latent infection happens when the genome of the agent is integrated in the genome of
the host
T
132
In the case of latent infections, the agents are continually shed
F
133
In latent infection, there is no virus shedding
T
134
Abortion is the main clinical sign of abortive infections
F
135
The animals do not carry the agent after recovery from an infectious disease because
the immune system eliminates it
F
136
Tolerated infections result in high level of immune reaction.
F
137
Infection before self-recognition of the immune system can result tolerated infections
T
138
Infected animals have a high level of antibodies in the case of tolerated infections
F
139
The agent is not shed in the case of inapparent infections.
F
140
Dead end hosts do not shed the agent.
T
141
Asymptomatic infections can become manifest
T
142
Formation of immune complexes can be a consequence of persistent viral infection
T
143
When the clinical signs disappear, shedding the agent is finished
F
144
In the case of an abortive infection no clinical signs will be seen
T
145
In the case of latent infection only mild clinical signs will be seen
F
146
Animals with tolerated infection shed the agent
T
147
Only animals showing clinical signs can shed infective agents
F
148
In case of inapparent infections no clinical signs can be seen
T
149
Latent infection is common in the case of Gram-positive bacteria
F
150
In the case of inapperent infections seropositivity can be seen
T
151
Inapparent infections cannot be detected in laboratory examinations
F
152
In case of abortive infection, the animal always aborts
F
153
In case of subclinical infection, the animals can shed the agent
T
154
Tolerated infection can be demonstrated only by serology
F
155
Abortive infection can be demonstrated only by serology
T
156
During a tolerated infection the animals are seropositive.
F
157
In the case of latent infection no clinical signs can be seen.
T
158
Asymptomatic infections cannot be manifest.
F
159
Animals do not carry the agents after recovery from an infectious disease
F
160
Mortality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
T
161
Mortality show what proportion of the diseased animals die
F
162
Morbidity shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the size of the herd
F
163
Lethality shows the percentage of dead animals compared to the number of diseased
ones
T
164
Lethality shows the number of died animals compared to the total number of the herd
F
165
Prevalence shows the number of diseased animals compared to the total number of the
herd.
F
166
Mortality shows the proportion of dead animals compared to the number of diseases
ones.
F
167
Monitoring is routine collection of data on a disease.
T
168
Pandemic diseases are fast spreading ones; they are fast transmitted between continents
T
169
Pandemic diseases are spreading fast around the Earth.
T
170
Pandemic disease occurs in large areas, continents.
T
171
Endemic diseases occur in a small, limited area including a farm, some farms or a village.
T
172
Epidemic diseases are fast spreading; they are fast transmitted between continents
F
173
Pandemic diseases have no tendency to spread.
F
174
Epidemic diseases are spreading in a larger geographical area e.g. in several countries.
T
175
Contagious diseases are spreading from one animal to the other.
T
176
Lethality shows the ratio of dead animals and the total stock.
F
177
Hemagglutination inhibition test is used for the detection of antigens of certain agents.
F
178
Genome of agents is detected with PCR
T
179
Antigens of certain agents can be detected using PCR
F
180
Surface antigens of certain agents are detected with ELIZA or PCR
F
181
Infective agents can be detected 2-3days after infection using serological tests
F
182
Virus Neutralisation test is used for the detection of antigens of the virus
F
183
Serological tests are used for the detection of antibodies
T
184
MATSA is used in laboratory diagnosis
T
185
MATSA is a form of disease
F
186
Microscopic detection of agents is not used in diagnostic work anymore.
F
187
If an animal is infected laboratory tests always detect the agent.
F
188
The phase of the pathogenicity can influence the sensitivity of the laboratory tests.
T
189
Using serological tests, we detect the antibodies produced against the agent.
T
190
Using virus neutralization test we detect the antibodies produced against the agent.
T
191
Polymerase chain reaction is used for the detection of antigens of the agent.
F
192
Post mortem lesions help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis.
T
193
Epidemiological data help in setting up a preliminary diagnosis.
T
194
Microscopic examination of samples is not used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases
any more.
F
195
Antibacterial treatment is forbidden in the EU in the case of viral diseases.
F
196
Individual and mass treatment can be combined in the case of some infectious diseases.
T
197
Hyperimmune serum can be used for aetiological treatment of certain diseases
T
198
No aetiological treatment is available in the case of viral diseases
F
199
Mass treatment using antibiotics is not allowed in the EU.
F
200
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiological treatment in case of bacterial disease
T
201
Antibiotics can be used for the aetiologic treatment in the case of bacterial diseases
T
202
All bacterial agents can be eradicated with antibiotic treatment
F
203
Antibacterial treatment is used in the case of viral diseases in order to prevent bacterial
complications
T
204
Antibiotics are used for the treatment of some viral diseases to prevent secondary
infections
T
205
Antibiotics are generally used to the aetiological treatment of diseases caused by
bacteria.
T
206
Use of antibiotics in the case of diseases caused by viruses is not allowed because of
antibiotic resistance
F
207
Treatment of certain infectious diseases is prohibited.
T
208
Symptomatic treatment is recommended because it can support healing of the diseased animals
T
209
In case of viral diseases, no antibiotics are given.
F
210
Antibiotics may be used only until the disappearance of the clinical signs
F
211
Only diseased animals have to be treated with antibiotics to prevent resistance
F
212
There is no anti-viral therapy.
F
213
Aetiological treatment with anti-bacterial is done, in the case of bacterial diseases
T
214
Using hyperimmune sera is usually not justifiable
T
215
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must be tested for infections
T
216
In case of import of animals into a farm, animals in the quarantine must only be observed, there is nothing to do with them if they do not show clinical signs
F
217
Only eggs from the same flock are allowed to be hatches in one hatching machine
T
218
Eggs of different species can be hatched together; they cannot infect each other thanks
to the different hatching time.
F
219
All-in-all-out is an important principle in prevention of infectious diseases.
T
220
Isolation of age groups is an important way of prevention of infectious diseases
T
221
”All-in-all-out” principle is a general epidemiological rule.
T
222
Isolated keeping of different animal species can prevent the spreading of infectious
diseases
T
223
Isolated keeping of different age groups of the same species cannot prevent spreading of infectious diseases since all animals of the same species are susceptible to the same
agents
F
224
Day-old birds cannot be infected in the hatchery because they are protected by yolk
Immunity.
F
225
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is continuously decreasing after farrowing
T
226
Maternal antibodies can inhibit the active immune response
T
227
There is no maternal protection in birds
F
228
Maternal protection occurs only in mammals
F
229
Colostrum is the main way of maternal protection in the case of animals with
epitheliochorial placenta
T
230
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 7-10 days.
T
231
The half-life of the heterologous hyperimmune serum is about 2-3 weeks
F
232
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the
placenta
F
233
Animals having epitheliochorial placenta receive maternal antibodies only through the
colostrum
T
234
Enteral lymphocytes of the dam can be transferred to the offspring in colostrum
T
235
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is influenced by the nutrition of the dam
T
236
The protein and antibody content of the colostrum is stable in the first week after
calving
F
237
Absorption of maternal antibodies from the colostrum in the first three days is not
changing
F
238
Colostrum is not important in protection of calves since the antibodies can go through
the placenta
F
239
Colostrum is the only way of receiving maternal protection in calves.
T
240
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum is not changed in the first week after
birth.
F
241
Calves can absorb maternal antibodies for a week after birth
F
242
Maternal antibodies can inhibit certain immunization.
T
243
New-born animals cannot be infected from the milk thanks to the colostral antibodies
F
244
The colostrum contains maternal lymphocytes
T
245
The protein content of the colostrum remains high for the first two weeks after giving birth
F
246
The immune globulin content of the colostrum remains high for the first week after giving birth.
F
247
The enteral absorption of immune globulins is decreasing after birth
T
248
Maternal antibodies can decrease the efficacy of vaccination.
T
249
The immune globulin concentration of the colostrum decreases sharply after birth
T
250
The enteral absorption of immunoglobulins is about the same for a week after birth
F
251
The maternal antibodies can decrease the immune response against vaccines.
T
252
Enteral lymphocytes can get from the dam to the newborn animal with colostrum
T
253
Animals with epitheliochorial placenta have maternal immunity only from colostrum.
T
254
The endotheliochorial placenta prevents to transport of immunoglobulins to the foetus
F
255
Homologous hyperimmune serum can provide about a year-long protection
F
256
Strains used in marker vaccines can be differentiated from the field strains
T
257
Avirulent strains can be used in live vaccines
T
258
The health state of the vaccinated animals can influence the efficacy of the vaccination
T
259
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the shelf life of vaccines
F
260
Inactivated vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins
T
261
The method of vaccination has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccination
F
262
Adjuvants in vaccines increase the efficacy of vaccines.
T
263
Attenuated strains can be used in live vaccines
T
264
Deletion vaccines can only be used as live vaccines
F
265
In the case of marker vaccines, the field strains and the vaccine strains can be
differentiated
T
266
Inactivated vaccines can contain the whole agents or their components
T
267
The colostral immunoglobulins have no effect on the vaccination of the new born
animals
F
268
DIVA principle can only be used if the animals are vaccinated with deletion vaccine
F
269
According to DIVA principle, infected and vaccinated animals can be differentiated.
T
270
Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of the agents
T
271
Certain parts of the genome are missing from deletion vaccine strains
T
272
Some genes are missing from the strains included in deletion vaccines
T
273
For safety reasons only inactivated vaccines are used
F
274
Live vaccines can contain strains with lower virulence.
T
275
Live vaccines always contain avirulent agents.
F
276
Live vaccines can contain attenuated strains.
T
277
Live vaccines are less effective than the inactivated ones
F
278
Live vaccines are dangerous, they are not on the market any more
F
279
Live vaccines are not used in Europe any more.
F
280
Live vaccines do not provide good immunity
F
281
Marker vaccines are used to mark the site of vaccination
F
282
It is not allowed to use inactivated deletion vaccines in the EU
F
283
Live vaccines contain attenuated or avirulent agents
T
284
The agent in a vaccine can influence the level of the immune response of vaccinated
animals.
T
285
If deletion vaccines are used, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated
T
| False? Det er vell marker vaccine?
286
Using marker vaccines, vaccinated and infected animals can be differentiated.
T
287
Use of marker vaccines can be combined with "test and remove" eradication.
T
288
Marker vaccines are marked with dyes.
F
289
The immune response produced by an attenuated vaccine is low
F
290
Some attenuated vaccine strains can be immunosuppressive.
T
291
Attenuated vaccines induced a quick immune response.
T
292
Vaccines containing attenuated strains are not used anymore
F
293
The amount of antigen in the vaccine has no effect on the efficacy of the vaccine
F
294
Eradication with selection method is not done nowadays
F
295
Newborn animals must be kept isolated when eradication with generation shift is used
T
296
Eradication with generation shift cannot be used if the level of infection is high in the
herd
F
297
Eradication using generation shift method is mainly used in Poultry
F
298
Implantation of washed embryos from a non infected dam into infected one is a way of eradication
F
299
Implantation of washed embryos from a infected dam into non-infected one is a way of eradication
T
300
Eradication using the generation shift method is mainly used in pig herds.
F
301
In the case of generation shift the infected animals must be slaughtered at the beginning
of the eradication procedure.
F
302
Eradication using selection method can be combined with vaccination
T
303
In the case of generation shift the young animals must be isolated from the dam at the
age of 1-3 days
T
304
Eradication using the selection method is generally implemented in case of low level of
infection
T
305
When eradication is made with selection method, the infected animals are removed
from the herd
T
306
Selection, generation shift and herd replacement can be used for eradication
T
307
Eradication using generation shift can be used in cattle herds
T
308
Caesarean section is the only way of birth when eradication is carried out using the SPF method
F
309
Certain diseases can be eradicated with generation shift
T
310
Herd replacement is the cheapest way of eradication of a disease
F
311
Selection (test and slaughter) is a method of eradiation of a disease
T
312
Selection method can be used for eradication of infectious diseases, when we remove infected animals.
T
313
In the case of generation shift, newborn animals are separated from the dam and kept
isolated
T
314
Embryo transfer cannot be used for eradication, since the embryo can be infected
F
315
The selection method cannot be combined vaccination.
F
316
Test and slaughter as an eradication method can be used in case of low level of
infection
T
317
There is no agent which can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment
T
318
In the case of generation shift newborn animals have to be kept isolated from the parent
animals
T
319
In the case of herd replacement, the herd is replaced with infection-free animals
T
320
In the case of selection method of eradication the infected animals are taken out of the
herd.
T
321
If eradication is made by selection method, vaccination is forbidden
F
322
Early weaning is necessary if generation shift method of eradication is used
T
323
Generation shift is a frequently used eradication method in swine.
F
324
Generation shift is a method of eradication of a disease.
T
325
In eradication by selective breeding, the seropositive animals are eliminated
T
326
In eradication by selective breeding, only the animals shedding the bacteria are
eliminated.
F
327
In eradication by selective breeding, vaccination cannot be used
F
328
Eradication by selective breeding is not used anymore
F
329
Selection (test and remove) is not used to eradicate a disease anymore
F
