General Ecology Finals Part 1 Flashcards by Elisheba Jean

Ecology

includes the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

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The abiotic components of forest include

soil salinity and pH

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If you are interested in the drought tolerance of zebras, you study:

organismal ecology

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Patterns of species change and succession are one focus of

community ecology

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In the US, there are over ___________ invasive species are recognized.

4500

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Which factors are the most devastative for the global change?

Habitat distruction

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E. O. Wilson has referred to the threats of life on Earth with the acronym
RHINO
LION
HIPPO
FISH

HIPPO

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What is the difference between ecology and environmental science?
Ecology is larger than Environmental Science ; Ecology has a partial overlap with Environmental Science ; Ecology is within Environmental Science; Environmental science is included in Ecology

Ecology is within Environmental Science

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Which environment has the highest net primary production based on the area on Earth? wetland, estuary, tropical rainforest, open ocean

open ocean

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Which of these organisms is a heterotroph?
Diatom
Moss
Oak tree
Fish

Fish

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The production efficiency is _________ in ectotherms than in endotherms. higher, lower, the same

higher

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A caterpillar ingests 500J from its food, 200J is used in cellular respiration, 180J of feces is produced and 120J goes to growth, what is the production efficiency?

38%

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The trophic level transfer efficiency averages about
0.1%
1%
10%
50%
90%

10%

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Consumption efficiencies vary dramatically between different ecosystems. In a grassland ecosystem, the consumption efficiency is ________ than a tropical rainforest ecosystem.
higher
lower

higher

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Which organisms are the most important consumers of energy in a Estero Bay mangrove forest?
mangroves and algae
shrimps and nematodes
fish
bacteria

mangroves and algae

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If there are 20 species in a food web, what are the potential number of links, assuming links go only in one direction?

190

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If there are 20 species and 20 links in a food web, the actual connectance is:

0.105

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If there are 20 species and 40 actual links in a food web, the linkage density is:

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Tropical fruit trees are vital to the survival of toucans, monkeys and other fruit eaters and can be thought of as
Flagship species
Secondary producers
Keystone species
Ecological engineers
Indicator species

Keystone Species

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Species whose status provides information on the overall health of an ecosystem are called
Flagship species
Keystone species
Indicator species
Heterotrophs

Indicator species

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The Florida Panther, a symbol of Florida’s conservation campaign, may be called a(n)
Flagship species
Keystone species
Heterotrophs
Indicator species

Flagship Species

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Species within a community that have a role out of proportion with their abundance or biomass are called
Flagship species
Secondary producers
Keystone species
Indicator species

Keystone species

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Ecosystem engineers
have a role out of proportion with their abundance or biomass.
have habitat requirements so large that protecting them would protect other species.
provide information on the overall health of an ecosystem.
create, modify and maintain habitat.

create, modify and maintain habitat.

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Which organism is the best indicator species for air pollution?
corals
polar bears
peppered moths

peppered moths

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Net primary production is larger than gross primary production. True False

False

Coastal and estuary water is limited by phoshorus nitrogen carbon iron

nitrogen

Ocean primary productivity is generally high in coastal zone and _______ . high latitude zone low latitude zone

high latitude zone

Leaves contain four different components, water-soluble materials, cellulose and hemicellulose, microbial products and what? Amino acid Sugar Lignin

Lignin

Decomposition involves three different processes: leaching, fragmentation and what? Primary production Dehydration Chemical alteration

Chemical alteration

In terrestrial ecosystems, detrivores carry out ______ of the consumption of the plant matter. 5-10% 20-30% 80-90%

Which organism is not important in the process of chemical alteration in a decomposition process? earthworms bacteria fungi

Earthworms

Plant biomass is nutrient-rich and decomposed quickly than animal carcasses. True False

False

The growth of yield of a plant is limited by that factor which is present in a relatively small amount (limiting factor). This is an explanation of principle known as Theory of relativity Liebig’s law of the minimum Richardson’s law of the minimum

Liebig’s law of the minimum

The concentration of certain chemicals, such as DDT, in higher trophic levels, is known as: Eutrophication Biomagnification Biogeochemical cycling Energy transfer Turnover

Biomagnification

In Florida, __% of the freshwater we use comes from underground aquifers. 30 50 90

What is a major problem with the water cycle for Lake Chad, Africa? dam construction drought caused by global climate change irrigation overfishing

irrigation

In Florida, ___% of the freshwater we use comes from underground aquifers. 25 50 90

Which of the following nutrients does not cycle globally? Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Water

Phosphorus

Microbial transformation of ammonia to nitrate is called: nitrogen-fixation nitrification denitrification

nitrification

Denitrification is prominent in aerobic environments anaerobic environments oligotrophic environments

anaerobic environment

Some cyanobacteria have the capability to perform nitrification denitrification nitrogen-fixation

nitrogen fixation

Acid rain in the U.S. has _________ . increased decreased

decreased

Which biogeochemical cycle is the least important for acid rain pollution? nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle sulfur cycle

phosphorus cycle

Deforestation may __________ nitrogen runoff. increase decrease

increase

Now _______ fix nitrogen more than the natural microbial process. blue-green algae human domestic animals acid rain

humans

The growth and biomass of forest trees could be recorded based on EEH DBH DCH DBL BDH

DBH

Dissolved oxygen concentrations below ____ mg/L stress most warm water species of fish. 1 3 5 10

Conductivity is mainly and directly affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids. primary production. oxygen concentration.

primary production

When the pH of Florida pond become the highest in a hot summer day? early morning noon late afternoon midnight

midnight

If there were 1 g/m2 of fish and 12 g/m2 of zooplankton produced in a lake over a year, at trophic level n, and 100 g/m2 of phytoplankton production, at trophic level at n-1, the trophic-level transfer efficiency between phytoplankton and zooplankton would be ___%.

12%

Charles R. Darwin sailed on a three year survey around the world. ; had a thorough understanding of genetics.; formulated a theory of natural selection. ; examined fossil beds in China. knew little of geological change.

formulated a theory of natural selection.

Who traveled the Amazon and conceived the idea of natural selection nearly the same time as Charles Darwin? AR Wallace GJ Mendel JB Lamarck EO Wilson

AR Wallace

Most of Darwin’s focus was on the Galapagos and where? South America North Africa Europe Antarctica

South America

Which explanation does not fit to Darwin’s natural selection theory? Purpose & effort influence the next generation. A better-adapted organism would acquire more resources. A better-adapted organism would acquire more offspring.

Purpose & effort influence the next generation.

The first person to publish a theory that species change over time was Lamarck Plato Wallace Mendel Darwin

Lamarck

An individual with two identical copies of a gene is said to be homozygous heterozygous monozygous cryptozygous

homozygous

A large effective population size is important so that a species: will not lose large amounts of genetic diversity in the near future, can maintain an adequate habitat range, can minimize edge effects, does not change its trophic relationship.

will not lose large amounts of genetic diversity in the near future.

The Hardy-Weinberg equation states that p2 +2pq + q2 = 1; the genotype frequency of heterozygotes is represented by p2 p2 + q2 p2 + 2pq 2pq

2pq

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the letters p and q represent the number of individuals of different phenotypes in a population. the number of individuals of different genotypes in a population. the frequencies of individuals of different genotypes in a population. frequencies of alleles in a population.

frequencies of alleles in a population.

Below is a list of the phenomenon that can occur in a population, which of these would violate the conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg equation? Migration does not occur between different populations. Mating is nonrandom. No new mutations arise. Natural selection is not occurring. The population is large.

Mating is nonrandom.

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this implies that the population is very ancient, one or more of the conditions required for equilibrium are being violated and the population is evolving, the population is going extinct, the population is fragmented.

one or more of the conditions required for equilibrium are being violated and the population is evolving.

What is not a recognized pattern of natural selection? Balancing Evolutionary Stabilizing Directional Disruptive

Evolutionary

The change in color of peppered moths in polluted areas is an example of which pattern of natural selection? Evolutionary Balancing Disruptive Directional Stabilizing

Directional

Directional selection is exhibited by: Clutch size in birds Sickle-cell disease in human Gray and Himalayan rabbits Beak size of Medium ground finch

Beak size of Medium ground finch

Stabilizing selection favors: Intermediate phenotypes Phenotypes at an extreme Genetic diversity The survival of two phenotypes

Intermediate phenotypes

An example of stabilizing selection involves: Color frequency in aphids Clutch size in birds Beak size in Galapagos finches Sickle cell frequency in humans Color frequency in peppered moths

Clutch size in birds

Under the condition of the malaria prevalence, which genotype shows a higher fitness? Homozygote with dominant alleles Homozygote with recessive alleles Heterozygote

Heterozygote

_______________ speciation involves spatial separation of populations by a geographical barrier. Semipatric Allelopathic Allopatric Sympatric

Allopatric

Individual herbivorous insects are restricted to individual host plant species. Which speciation was involved in this case? Allopatric Semipatric Allelopathic Sympatric

Sympatric

Which type of speciation occurred between Panamic porkfish (Anisotremus taeniatus) and Porkfish (Anisotremus virginicus)? Allelopathic Semipatric Sympatric Allopatric

Allopatric

The ______________ species concept advocates that members of a single species are identified by a unique combination of characters. biological evolutionary ecological phylogenetic

phylogenetic

George Gaylord Simpson (1961) proposed the _____________ species concept whereby a species is distinct from other lineages if it has its own ______________ tendencies and historical fate. evolutionary biological phylogenetic ecological

evolutionary

What is the best-known species concept? evolutionary species concept biological species concept ecological species concept

biological species concept

The cotton mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus, exists as 6 subspecies. Each subspecies possesses a slightly different coat color which resembles the color of the local habitat and sometimes different lengths of tail and hindfeet which are related to climbing ability in different habitats. Which species concept was used for this study? phylogenetic biological ecological evolutionary

phylogenetic

American biologist Leigh Van Valen (1976) proposed the _______________ species concept in which species occupy a distinct ecological niche, a unique set of habitat requirements. biological ecological evolutionary phylogenetic

ecological

The greatest threat to most species habitat destruction. invasive species. direct exploitation. pollution.

__________ ecology is the study of how behavior contributes to the differential survival and reproductions of organisms.

Behavioral

In nature, which fitness has the higher priority? Intermediate fitness Personal fitness Inclusive fitness

Personal fitness

Males of which species usually kill infants when they take over groups of females from other males? ‎Common cuckoo lion naked mole rat Gray wolf

lion

What is NOT a major issue of small animal population? disequilibrium inbreeding genetic drift

disequilibrium

A behavior that benefits others at a cost to oneself is benevolence. altruism. mutualism. cooperation.

altruism.

The raising of alarm calls by sentries in Belding's ground squirrel is NOT an example of kin selection. inclusive fitness. eusociality. altruism.

In a diploid organism, the coefficient of relatedness, r, betwen father and daughter is: 0.5 0.75 1.0 0.25

0.5

The system of sex discrimination in which some offspring are haploid and others diploid is referred to as Haplodiploidy. Viviparity. Eusociality. Dihaploidy.

Haplodiploidy.

In a haplodiploid organism, the coefficient of relatedness, r, between father and sons is: 0.25 0.5 0.125 0

The total number of copies of genes passed on through reproductive output and through relatives is termed inclusive fitness individual selection Reciprocal altruism

inclusive fitness

According to kin selection, a cat should die to save the life of eight cousins. one brother. three nephews. two uncles.

The selection that lowers an individual's own fitness but enhances that of a relative is known as _____ selection.

kin

Cooperative predators may perform worse than solitary predators when the group reaches the optimal group size. when the group size goes over the stable group size. when they contain young individuals.

when the group size goes over the stable group size.

Why might unrelated individuals engage in altruistic acts? The individuals are part of the same large flock. If it is possible they may mate with each other. If they are trying to mate with each other. If the altruism is likely to be reciprocated.

If the altruism is likely to be reciprocated.

Which conclusion can be drawn from the hawk/dove game? ESS is usually 100% hawk, 100% dove or 100% bourgeois. ESS is dependent on the value of the rewards. Fighting strategy is independent of what others are doing.

ESS is dependent on the value of the rewards.

In a contest where the reward for winning is +100, the cost of injury is -50, the cost of the display is -20 and loses get 0, on average, who gets the largest payoff? a mixture of hawks & doves hawks doves

In a group of pigeons,, if each pigeon occasionally looks up to scan for a hawk, then the bigger the group the more likely one bird will spot the hawk early enough for the flock to take flight. This is known as the ________ eyes hypothesis.

many

Hamilton proposed that an altruistic gene will be favored by natural selection when: B is the benefit of the recipient, C is the cost incurred by the donor. rB>C Br-C = 0 r=C/B B=C/r C>Br

rB>C

Female sticklebacks select males based on: nesting and dancing skills the size of the nuptial gift tail feather adornments quality of songs

What is the effect of polygyny on a population's genetic composition? effective population size will be smaller than actual population size. effective population size will be greater than actual populations size.

effective population size will be smaller than actual population size.

In polygynous mating system: Many different females mate with many different males. One male mates with one female. One male mates with many different females.

One male mates with many different females.

In what type of mating system would sexual dimorphism be unlikely? monogamy polygyny polyandry

monogamy

Eusociality is common in Aloe Himeroptera Ursus

Himeroptera

Selfish-herd theory was proposed by William Hamilton J. B. Lamarck Gregor J. Mendel

William Hamilton