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FGCU Junior Year Fall Semester 2022 > Cell Biology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Cell Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are cells changing?

A
  1. Grow
  2. Reproduce
  3. Become Specialized: Respond to stimuli and adapt to changes in the environment
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2
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms consist of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
  3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells
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3
Q

Emergence of Modern Biology

A

Cytology, Biochemistry, and Genetics

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4
Q

Cytology

A

Focus on cellular structure and what we can see under the microscope

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5
Q

Biochemistry

A

Focus on Cellular structure and on what we can see

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6
Q

Genetics

A

Focus on information flow and heredity and includes sequencing of the entire genome (all of the DNA)

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7
Q

Detail the Light Microscope

A

Earliest tool for cytologists; allowed identification of nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; also called brightfield microscopy because white light is passed directly through a specimen; it has limit of resolution- how far away objects must be to appear disctinctive: the smaller the limit of resolution, the more it is able to see fine details

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8
Q

List Specialized Light Microscopes

A

Phase-contrast microscopy
Differential Interference constrast microscopy (DIC)
Fluorescence microscopy
Confocal Microscopy

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9
Q

What did Phase Contrast Microscopy and DIC make it possible to see and what happens to the phase of transmitted light? What does it enhance?

A

Make it possible to see living cells clearly; the phase of transmitted light changes as it passes through a structure with a different density from the surrounding medium; enhance and amplify these slight changes.

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10
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy allow detection of?

A

Allows detection of proteins, DNA sequences, or molecules that have been made fluorescent by binding to antibodies.

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11
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that binds to a particular target molecule called antigen; can be coupled with a fluorescent molecule which emits fluorescence wherever the target molecule is bound by the antibody

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12
Q

Detail Confocal Microscopy

A

Uses a laser beam to illuminate a single plane of a fluorescently labeled specimen

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13
Q

Detail Digital Video Microscopy

A

Uses a video camera to collect digital images

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14
Q

Detail Electron Microscope

A

Uses a beam of electrons rather than light; limit of resolution is 100 times better than light microscopes; Magnification is higher than light microscope; Specialized approach allow for 3-D visualization of specimen; One allows visual of atoms

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15
Q

Detail Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Electrons are transmitted through specimen

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16
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

The surface of a specimen is scanned by detecting electrons deflected from the outer surface.

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17
Q

Biochemistry: Radioactive Isotopes able to trace and of what?

A

First used to trace metabolic fate of specific atoms and molecules

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18
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Produces glucose in the process of photosynthesis

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19
Q

Glycolysis

A

First step of the oxidation of breaking glucose to make pyruvate

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20
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Breaks pyruvate to make ATP

21
Q

What does Sub cellular fractionation use and based on what?

A

Uses centrifugation to separate/isolate different structures and macromolecules based on size, shape, and/or density

22
Q

What are Ultracentrifuges?

A

Capable of very high speeds

23
Q

Chromatography uses techniques to do what and based on what?

A

Uses Techniques to separate molecules from a solution based on size, charge, or chemical affinity

24
Q

What is Electrophoresis?

A

Uses an electrical field to move proteins, DNA, RNA molecules through a medium based on size/charge

25
Q

What is Mass Spectrometry?

A

Is used to determine the size and composition of individual proteins

26
Q

What is Genetic Strand and what does DNA contain?

A

Genetic strand is the study of the inheritance of characteristics from generation to generation; DNA contains the units of heredity-genes

27
Q

3 RNA Molecules

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

28
Q

Messenger RNA produce?

A

The only translated RNA that produce protein

29
Q

Ribosomal RNA Job

A

Components of ribosomes; many have important roles and function

30
Q

Transfer RNA Job

A

Bring the appropriate amino acid for protein synthesis; match with mRNA in order to create the protein to synthesize

31
Q

What is Central Dogma

A

Include Viruses with RNA genomes

32
Q

What is Reverse transcriptase?

A

Enzyme that uses viral RNA to synthesize complementary DNA

33
Q

What is the Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

DNA replication-> DNA —-»> Transcription —»> RNA —–»» Translation —–»» Protein

34
Q

What is Recombinant DNA Technology

A

Uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific places, allowing scientists to create recombinant DNA molecules with DNA from different sources

35
Q

What is DNA Cloning

A

Generation of many copies of a specific DNA sequence

36
Q

What does DNA Transformation introduce?

A

Process of introducing DNA into cells

37
Q

What is DNA sequencing

A

Methods for rapidly determining the base sequences of DNA molecules

38
Q

What is Bioinformatics

A

Merges computer science with biology to organize and interpret enormous amounts of sequencing and other data

39
Q

What is Genomics

A

Study of all the genes of an organism

40
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of the functions and interactions of all the proteins present in a particular cell

41
Q

Transcriptomics

A

Study of all the genes transcribed in a cell

42
Q

Metabolomics

A

analysis of all metabolic reactions happening at a given time in a cell

43
Q

Lipidomics

A

Study of all the lipids in a cell

44
Q

Ionomics

A

Study of all the ions in a cell

45
Q

What are Cell Cultures

A

Commonly used as model systems; Used to study cancer, viruses, proteins, and cellular differentiation; some of what is learned may not reflect what happens within an intact organism

46
Q

Well-Designed Experiments

A

One condition is varied (independent variable); all other variables are kept constant; outcome is the dependent variable;

47
Q

What is In vivo experiments

A

Involve living organisms

48
Q

What is In Vitro experiments

A

Done outside the living organisms for example: test tube

49
Q

What is In Silico Experiments

A

Done in computers

FGCU Junior Year Fall Semester 2022 (46 decks)

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