Cell Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards
How are cells changing?
- Grow
- Reproduce
- Become Specialized: Respond to stimuli and adapt to changes in the environment
Cell Theory
- All organisms consist of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
- All cells arise only from preexisting cells
Emergence of Modern Biology
Cytology, Biochemistry, and Genetics
Cytology
Focus on cellular structure and what we can see under the microscope
Biochemistry
Focus on Cellular structure and on what we can see
Genetics
Focus on information flow and heredity and includes sequencing of the entire genome (all of the DNA)
Detail the Light Microscope
Earliest tool for cytologists; allowed identification of nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; also called brightfield microscopy because white light is passed directly through a specimen; it has limit of resolution- how far away objects must be to appear disctinctive: the smaller the limit of resolution, the more it is able to see fine details
List Specialized Light Microscopes
Phase-contrast microscopy
Differential Interference constrast microscopy (DIC)
Fluorescence microscopy
Confocal Microscopy
What did Phase Contrast Microscopy and DIC make it possible to see and what happens to the phase of transmitted light? What does it enhance?
Make it possible to see living cells clearly; the phase of transmitted light changes as it passes through a structure with a different density from the surrounding medium; enhance and amplify these slight changes.
What does fluorescence microscopy allow detection of?
Allows detection of proteins, DNA sequences, or molecules that have been made fluorescent by binding to antibodies.
Antibody
Protein that binds to a particular target molecule called antigen; can be coupled with a fluorescent molecule which emits fluorescence wherever the target molecule is bound by the antibody
Detail Confocal Microscopy
Uses a laser beam to illuminate a single plane of a fluorescently labeled specimen
Detail Digital Video Microscopy
Uses a video camera to collect digital images
Detail Electron Microscope
Uses a beam of electrons rather than light; limit of resolution is 100 times better than light microscopes; Magnification is higher than light microscope; Specialized approach allow for 3-D visualization of specimen; One allows visual of atoms
Detail Transmission Electron Microscopy
Electrons are transmitted through specimen
Scanning Electron Microscopy
The surface of a specimen is scanned by detecting electrons deflected from the outer surface.
Biochemistry: Radioactive Isotopes able to trace and of what?
First used to trace metabolic fate of specific atoms and molecules
Calvin Cycle
Produces glucose in the process of photosynthesis
Glycolysis
First step of the oxidation of breaking glucose to make pyruvate
Krebs Cycle
Breaks pyruvate to make ATP
What does Sub cellular fractionation use and based on what?
Uses centrifugation to separate/isolate different structures and macromolecules based on size, shape, and/or density
What are Ultracentrifuges?
Capable of very high speeds
Chromatography uses techniques to do what and based on what?
Uses Techniques to separate molecules from a solution based on size, charge, or chemical affinity
What is Electrophoresis?
Uses an electrical field to move proteins, DNA, RNA molecules through a medium based on size/charge
What is Mass Spectrometry?
Is used to determine the size and composition of individual proteins
What is Genetic Strand and what does DNA contain?
Genetic strand is the study of the inheritance of characteristics from generation to generation; DNA contains the units of heredity-genes
3 RNA Molecules
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
Messenger RNA produce?
The only translated RNA that produce protein
Ribosomal RNA Job
Components of ribosomes; many have important roles and function
Transfer RNA Job
Bring the appropriate amino acid for protein synthesis; match with mRNA in order to create the protein to synthesize
What is Central Dogma
Include Viruses with RNA genomes
What is Reverse transcriptase?
Enzyme that uses viral RNA to synthesize complementary DNA
What is the Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA replication-> DNA —-»> Transcription —»> RNA —–»» Translation —–»» Protein
What is Recombinant DNA Technology
Uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific places, allowing scientists to create recombinant DNA molecules with DNA from different sources
What is DNA Cloning
Generation of many copies of a specific DNA sequence
What does DNA Transformation introduce?
Process of introducing DNA into cells
What is DNA sequencing
Methods for rapidly determining the base sequences of DNA molecules
What is Bioinformatics
Merges computer science with biology to organize and interpret enormous amounts of sequencing and other data
What is Genomics
Study of all the genes of an organism
Proteomics
Study of the functions and interactions of all the proteins present in a particular cell
Transcriptomics
Study of all the genes transcribed in a cell
Metabolomics
analysis of all metabolic reactions happening at a given time in a cell
Lipidomics
Study of all the lipids in a cell
Ionomics
Study of all the ions in a cell
What are Cell Cultures
Commonly used as model systems; Used to study cancer, viruses, proteins, and cellular differentiation; some of what is learned may not reflect what happens within an intact organism
Well-Designed Experiments
One condition is varied (independent variable); all other variables are kept constant; outcome is the dependent variable;
What is In vivo experiments
Involve living organisms
What is In Vitro experiments
Done outside the living organisms for example: test tube
What is In Silico Experiments
Done in computers
