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FGCU Junior Year Fall Semester 2022 > Cell Biology Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Cell Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Details of Prokaryotes

A

can be divided into the widely divergent bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

Ancestors, Genetic Information, and DNA Archaea

A

considered to have descended from a common ancestor that also gave rise to eukaryotes long after diverging from bacteria; Genetic information of a archaeal cell is in the nucleoid ; Archaeal DNA is circular and complexed with proteins similar to eukaryotic histone proteins

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4
Q

Structure and how is DNA organized Eukaryotes

A

Has a true, membrane-bounded nucleus; Eukaryotic DNA is organized into linear molecules complexed with large amounts of a protein called histones

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5
Q

Bacteria DNA, Genetic Information, and Organelles

A

Bacterial DNA has chromosomes associated with a few proteins; The genetic information of a bacterial cell is in the nucleoid; does not have membrane bounded organelles but still compartmentalize activities often through large molecular complexes that are found at specific location within the cell.

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6
Q

What is the Cytoplasm and its structure in eukarya

A

The internal volume of the cell except the nucleus; in eukarya, the cytoplasm is occupied by organelles, cytoskeletal fibers and the semifluid cytosol in which they are suspended

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7
Q

What is the semifluid

A

is not a thin, watery liquid; it is a viscous material with a consistency closer to that of honey or soft gelatin

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8
Q

What do cells need to maintain for various processes?

What must happen for chemical reactions to occur?

A

Cells need to maintain adequate concentrations of the essential compounds and enzymes needed for the various processes; For a chemical reaction to occur in a cell, the appropriate reactants must collide with and bind to a particular enzyme

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9
Q

Collisions in a cell

A

the frequency of such collisions will be greatly increased by higher concentration of the reactants and the enzyme being in close proximity; if all the enzymes and compounds necessary for a particular process are localized within a specific region, high concentrations of those substances are needed only in that region rather than throughout the whole cell

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10
Q

What are organelles and their function?

A

membrane bounded compartments that are specialized for specific functions

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11
Q

What are organelles surrounded by and how does it carry out cellular functions

A

Each organelles is surrounded by its own characteristic membrane that can have a distinctive chemical composition; localized within each organelle is the molecular machinery needed to carry out the particular cellular functions;

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell structure includes…

A

Plasma membrane
nucleus
membrane-bounded organelles
cytosol interlaced by a cytoskeleton
*actin (microfilaments), Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, and Septins
Plant and fungal cells have rigid cell wall
Animal cells don’t have cell wall; surrounded by an extracellular matrix consisting primarily of proteins that provide structural support

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13
Q

What does the plasma membrane look like and what does it do?

A

is organized in two layers; Surrounds every cell; ensures that the cell contents are retained; consist of lipids including phospholipids and membrane proteins

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14
Q

Plasma Membrane Two layers

A

Each phospholipid molecule consists of two hydrophobic “tails” and a hydrophillic “head” and is therefore an amphipathic molecule

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15
Q

What is the Lipid Bilayer

A

Formed when the hydrophillic heads face outward and the tails face inward

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16
Q

Membrane proteins are what and what is attached to them?

A

amphipathic; have polysaccharides attached to them called glycoproteins;

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17
Q

Enzymes function in plasma membrane and anchors functions?

A

Enzymes catalyze reactions associated with the membranes such as cell wall synthesis; others serve as anchors for structural components of the cytoskeleton

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18
Q

Transport proteins function and what do they act like?

A

Move substances across the membrane; proteins that act as receptors for external signals trigger processes within the cell

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19
Q

What are the Transmembrane Proteins names?

A

Transport proteins

Receptors

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20
Q

What does the nucleus contain and what is it surrounded by?

A

Contains the DNA and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope composed of inner and outer membranes;

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21
Q

Nuclear Envelope structure and function

A

Has numerous openings called pores, each of which is a transport channel lined with a nuclear pore complex

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22
Q

When are chromosomes easily visualized?

A

Most easily visualized during mitosis whereas during interphase they are dispersed as chromatin (DNA+protein) and difficult to visualize

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23
Q

What is the nucleolus responsible for and what is the nucleoli associated with?

A

Responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA and beginning the assembly of the protein components needed to form ribosomes; Nucleoli are associated with specific regions of particular chromosomes that contain the genes encoding ribosomal RNAs

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24
Q

What is the mitochondria involved in, assist with, the site of, and its size? What do most eukaryotic cells contain?

A

involved in energy production for cells; assist in the degradation of sugars; in all eukaryotic cells are the site of aerobic respiration; comparable in size to bacteria; Most eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of mitochondria each surrounded by an inner and outer mitochondrial membrane;

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25
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane enclose and what fills the mitochondria? What does the matrix include?

A

Encloses the matrix, a semifluid material filling the mitochondria; the matrix includes small circular DNA molecules that encode some RNAs and proteins needed in the mitochondria

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26
Q

What does the mitochondria contain and where is it found? What needs mitochondria the most?

A

Contains ribosomes involved in protein synthesis; contains enzymes and intermediates needed for oxidation of sugars and generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); many of these found on cristae, infoldings of the mitochondrial membrane; Cells with high energy needs have many mitochondria in the region where the energy is needed the most example: muscle cells

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27
Q

What is chloroplasts involved in and what does it do? Where is it found, what is its size and what is its structure?

A

involved in energy production for cells; harvest solar energy and converts it to chemical energy in the form of ATP; is the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae; are large and can be quite numerous in the cells of green plants; surrounded by both inner and outer membranes

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28
Q

Thylakoids structure

A

third membrane system of flattened membranous sacs interconnected by stroma thylakoids stacked into the grana

29
Q

What is photosynthesis and what is found in photosynthetic cells and what does it contain?

A

a process that uses solar energy and CO2 to produce sugars and other organic compounds; chloroplast are found in photosynthetic cells and contain most of the enzymes needed for photosynthesis

30
Q

Stroma of chloroplasts contain and what is its structure?

A

Contain their own ribosomes and a small circular DNA molecule that encodes some RNAs and proteins needed in the chloroplast

31
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplast similarities to bacteria

A

semiautonomous organelles; can divide on their own; DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes; both resemble bacteria in size and shape and surrounded by double membranes, the inner of which has bacterial-type lipids; all have DNA molecules without associated histones

32
Q

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Bacteria Similarities

A

rRNA sequences; ribosomes size; sensitivities to inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis; protein factors used in protein synthesis are all similar

33
Q

What is the Endosymbiont Theory

A

suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient bacteria

34
Q

What does the Endomembrane system synthesize , where is it destined, and what is it responsible for?

A

Synthesizes proteins destined for various organelles, cellular membranes, or secretion; responsible for trafficking substances through the cell

35
Q

Endomembrane System Structures

A

ER, Golgi, Secretory vesicles, and Lysosomes

36
Q

Proteins route in the Endomembrane System

A

Synthesized in the ER; Processed and packaged in the Golgi apparatus; directed to various destinations in and out of the cell in small membrane-bound vesicles

37
Q

What does lysosomes do?

A

Involved in degradation of food ingested by phagocytosis and in recycling cellular components

38
Q

Where is the Endoplasmic Reticulum found and what is its structure?

A

in almost every eukaryotic cell, there is a network of membranes in the cytoplasm called the ER; Cisternae; Lumen

39
Q

Cristae structure

A

Tubular membranes and flattened sacs

40
Q

Lumen structure

A

Internal space of the ER

41
Q

Rough ER Function and Structure

A

studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane; these ribosomes synthesize polypeptide that accumulate within the membrane or are transported across it to the ER lumen; Free ribosomes are not associated with the ER;

42
Q

Protein Synthesis in the RER and where does it also occur, what are the proteins made of and what are the protein intended use?

A

Protein synthesized from the RER travel to the appropriate membrane or to the cell surface via the golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles; also occurs on ribosomes not attached to the ER and are free in the cytosol; Secretory and membrane proteins are made by ribosomes in the RER; proteins intended for use within the cytosol or for import into organelles are made on free ribosomes

43
Q

Smooth ER Function and what is it responsible for?

A

has no role in protein synthesis; involved in the synthesis of lipids and steroids such as cholesterol and its derivatives; SER is responsible for inactivating and detoxifying potentially harmful substances

44
Q

Golgi apparatus structure and important role, synthesis, what does it accept, what contents from the vesicles, where do some process begin, what do processed substances move to?

A

Cisternae; plays an important role in processing and packaging secretory proteins; synthesis of complex polysaccharides; accepts transition vesicles that bud off from the ER; contents of the vesicles from the ER are modified and processed in the Golgi complex; Some process begin in ER and completed in Golgi complex; processed substances then move to other locations in the cell through vesicles that bud off the Golgi complex

45
Q

Cisternae structure

A

Stack of flattened vesicles

46
Q

What happens once substances are processed by the Golgi Complex?

A

their Materials are exported from the cell are packaged into secretory vesicles; these move to the plasma membrane and fuse with it, releasing their contents outside the cell (exocytosis)

47
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Are Single-membrane organelles that store hydrolases, enzymes that can digest biological molecules

48
Q

What happens to lysosomes enzymes?

A

Synthesized on the RER, transported to the Golgi apparatus, Packaged into vesicles that can become lysosomes

49
Q

Why are hydrolases sequestered?

A

To prevent them from digesting the contents of the cell

50
Q

What is the inner face of the lysosome membrane?

A

Highly glycosylated, forming a special carbohydrate covering that protects this membrane and the cell; the lysosome can break down virtually any kind of biological molecule

51
Q

What do peroxisomes resemble and in what and what are they surrounded by and what can they do? Where are they prominent?

A

Resemble lysosomes in size and appearance; surrounded by a single membrane and perform several functions depending on cell type; Highly prominent in the liver and kidney cells of animals

52
Q

What is H2O2 to cells and where can they be formed? What also produces H2O2? Where are the reactions confined to and why?

A

Highly toxic to cells but can be formed into water and oxygen by the enzyme catalase; Eukaryotic cells have metabolic processes that produce H2O2; Reactions are confined to peroxisomes that contain catalase so that cells are protected from the harmful effects of peroxide

53
Q

What do Peroxisomes detoxify and catabolize and what role do the play in animals?

A

Detoxify other harmful compounds and catabolize unusual substances; They play roles in the oxidative breakdown of fatty acids, especially longer chain fatty acids (22 carbon atoms) that the mitochondria are too slow to do

54
Q

What are vacuoles? What are their roles in animal and yeast cells? What happens when it fuses with a lysosome?

A

membrane bounded; in animal and yeast cells vacuoles are used for temporary storage or transport; when it fuses with a lysosomes the contents are hydrolyzed to provide nutrients to a cell

55
Q

What does phagocytosis lead to ?

A

The formation of a membrane bounded particle called a phagosome

56
Q

Most plant cells contain what? The main function of it and what causes tissues to wilt?

A

Single large vacuole called a central vacuole; main function is to maintain the turgor pressure that keeps the plant from wilting; tissues wilt when the central vacuole no longer presses against the cell contents(fails to provide adequate pressure)

57
Q

Ribosomes are the site of what? Can be seen under which microscope? Where are they found? Each has its own type of what?

A

Are a site of protein synthesis and are far more numerous than most other intracellular structures; can be seen only under the light microscope; found in all cells but differ slightly in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes in their size and composition; has its own unique rRNA

58
Q

Ribosomes are more numerous that what? Ribosomes in where are similar and an example?

A

Much more numerous than most other cellular structures; In mitochondria and chloroplast similar in size and composition to those of bacteria; particularly true of the nucleotide sequences of their rRNA

59
Q

What is the cytoskeleton, what does it give cells, what does it play a role in?

A

The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells contains an intricate, organized 3-D array of interconnect proteinaceous structure; gives a cell its distinctive shape and internal organization; plays a role in cell movement and cell division

60
Q

Proteins related to eukaryotic cytoskeleton have recently been discovered where and play what role? What does the cytoskeleton serve as within the cell?

A

Recently discovered in bacteria and archaea and appear to play a role in maintaining cell shape; Serves as a framework for positioning and moving organelles and macromolecules within the cell

61
Q

4 Structural Elements of the Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, and Septins found in animal and fungi not plants

62
Q

What are most cells characterized by? What are they called in animal cells and what do they consist of ? What are they called in other cells?

A

Characterized by extracellular structures that give physical support to cells; animal cells are called extracellular matrix and consist mainly of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans; bacteria, archaea, plant, and fungal cells call them cell walls

63
Q

What does the processes regulated by the ECM include and in animal and plant cells?

A

Cell motility and migration; Cell division; Cell recognition and adhesion; Cell differentiation during embryonic development; in animal cells, ECM contains several types of junctions connecting neighboring cells; plant cells use plasmodesmata, a space between cell walls of plant cells for communication and exchange

64
Q

What do several types of agents do to cells and what do they include?

A

Invade cells, disrupt cell function, kill host cell; they include viruses, and the less understood viroids and prions

65
Q

What are viruses, what do they not have and what do they do have? What do they do and are responsible for?

A

Are acellular parasitic particles incapable of a free-living existence; have no cytoplasm, organelles, or ribosomes consist of a few different molecules of nucleic acid and proteins; the invade and infect cells using the host’s synthetic machinery to produce more virus particles; Responsible for many diseases in humans, animals, and plants

66
Q

They are significant research tools for who and how are they named? What do they call viruses that infect bacteria?

A

For cell and molecular biologist; typically named after the disease they cause; called bacteriophages, or phages

67
Q

Living things have the fundamental properties of? Why viruses are not living?

A

Metabolism (cellular reactions in pathways)
Irritability (perception of and response to external stimuli)
Ability to reproduce; viruses doesn’t satisfy the first two and they only reproduce via the machinery of a living cell

68
Q

What are viroids, where are they found, and how do the exist and transmit?

A

Viroids are small circular RNA molecules and are the smallest known infectious agents; Found in some plant cells, simpler than viruses; don’t exist freely and are transmitted when the surfaces of adjacent plant cells are damaged

69
Q

What are prions and how are they folded? Can it be destroyed?

A

Prions are proteinaceous ineffective proteins that are responsible for neurological diseases such as scrapie, kuru, and mad cow disease; are abnormally folded versions of normal cellular proteins; Prion can’t be destroyed by cooking or boiling.

FGCU Junior Year Fall Semester 2022 (46 decks)

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