General Ecology Chapter 4

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

observable response of organisms to external or internal stimuli

Question 2

Behavioral ecology

Answer 2

study of how behavior contributes to the differential survival and reproduction of organisms

Question 3

Ethology

Answer 3

scientific studies of animal behavior focused on the specific genetic and physiological mechanisms of behavior called proximate causes

Question 4

Ultimate causes

Answer 4

particular behavior evolves in terms of its effect on reproductive success

Question 5

Alturism

Answer 5

behavior that appears to benefit others at a cost to oneself

Question 6

Group selection

Answer 6

the premise that natural selection produces outcomes beneficial for the whole group or species

Question 7

Coefficient of relatedness

Answer 7

the probability that any two individuals will share a copy of a particular gene by descent is a quantity called r

Question 8

Inclusive fitness

Answer 8

used to designate the total number of copies of genes passed on through one’s relatives, as well as one’s own reproductive output

Question 9

Kin selection

Answer 9

Selection for behavior that lowers an individual’s own fitness but enhances the reproductive success of a relative

Question 10

Hamilton’s rule

Answer 10

altruistic gene will be favored by natural selection when rB> C; B- benefit received by recipient; C- cost incurred by donor

Question 11

Haplodiploidy

Answer 11

System of sex determination

Question 12

Reciprocal alturism

Answer 12

cost to the animal of behaving altruistically is offset by the likelihood of a return benefit

Question 13

Game theory

Answer 13

branch of mathematics and economics that studies interactions between agents

Question 14

Evolutionarily stable strategy

Answer 14

behavioral strategy that if adopted by a population cannot be invaded by any other strategy

Question 15

Many eyes hypothesis

Answer 15

living in groups individuals may decrease the amount of time each spends scanning for predators and increase the amount of time they have to feed

Question 16

Optimality modeling

Answer 16

predicts that an animal should behave in a way that maximizes the difference between the benefits of a behavior and its cost

Question 17

Fisher’s principle

Answer 17

sex ration is more often about 1:1

Question 18

Promiscuous

Answer 18

each female and each male mating with multiple partners during breeding season

Question 19

Monogamy

Answer 19

each individual mates exclusively with one partner over at least a single breeding cycle and sometimes for loner

Question 20

Polygamy

Answer 20

either males or females mate with more than one partner in a breeding season

Question 21

Polygyny

Answer 21

one male mates with more than one female but female mate with one male

Question 22

Polyandry

Answer 22

one female mates with several males but males mate with one female

Question 23

Mate guarding hypothesis

Answer 23

male stays with female to prevent her from being fertilized by other males

Question 24

Male assistance hypothesis

Answer 24

males remain with females to help them rear their offspring

Question 25

Female-enforced monogamy hypothesis

Answer 25

females stop their male partner from being polygynous

Question 26

Leks

Answer 26

birds and mammals males display in designated communal courting areas

Question 27

Sexual selection

Answer 27

promotes traits that will increase and organism’s mating success

Question 28

Handicap prinicple

Answer 28

ornaments such as excessively long tail feathers function as a sign of an individual’s genetic quality because the bearer must be able to afford this energetically costly trait

Question 29

In a diploid organisms, the coefficient of relatedness, r, between father and daughter is

Answer 29

0.5

Question 30

In haplodiploid organisms, fathers are related to sons by:

Answer 30

0

Question 31

Which organisms do not have a haplodiploid mating system:

Answer 31

Termites

Question 32

In a polygynous mating system:

Answer 32

One male mate with with many different females

Question 33

Selection that lowers an individual’s own fitness but enhances that of a relative is known as:

Answer 33

Kin selection

Question 34

The many eyes hypothesis suggest prey flock because:

Answer 34

Bigger flocks make it more likely that one individual will spot a predator

Question 35

Hamilton proposed that an altruistic gene will be favored by natural selection when:

Answer 35

rB>C

Question 36

In meiosis, any gene has what percentage chance of entering an egg?

Answer 36

50

Question 37

In naked mole rats mothers are related to daughters by what percentage?

Answer 37

50

Question 38

Female peahens select male peacocks based on:

Answer 38

Tail feather adornments