gender differences in achievement Flashcards
McRobbie (1994)
study of girl magazines.in the 1970’s they emphasised the importance of getting married , whereas now they contain images of assertive, independent women.
examples of changes in the family since the 1970’s
-and increase in divorce rate
-an increase in cohabitation and a decrease in the number of first marriages.
increase in the number of lone-parent families
-smaller families.
The equal pay act
the equal pay act makes it illegal to pay women less than men for work of equal value
Sharpe (1994)
interviewed girls in the 70’s and 90’s shows a shift in girls ambitions. in the 70’s the girls had low aspirations ; they believed that educational success was unfeminine.
in the 90’s girls ambitions had changed they had a different order of priorities- careers and being able to support themselves.
AO3 external gender achievements
WC girls still have traditional ambitions.
what is the cause of GIST and WISE?
to encourage girls to pursue careers in these non traditional areas.
what does GIST stand for
girls into science and technology
what does WISE stand for
women into science and engineering.
national curriculum
the national curriculum in 1988 removed one source of gender inequality by making boys and girls study mostly the same subjects, which was often not the case previously.
positive role models in school
female teachers are seen as positive role models.
Mitosis and Browne (1998)
they conclude that girls are more successful in coursework because they are more conscientious and better organised than boys.
swann (1998)
boys dominate in whole class discussion, where as girls prefer paired work and group work and are better at listening and cooperating
Weiner (1995)
argues that since the 1980’s , teachers have challenged such stereotypes. also, in general, sexist images have been removed from leaning materials. This may have helped raise girls achievement by presenting them with more positive images pf women.
symbolic capital
refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth that we are able to obtain from others
archer et al (2010)
identifies several strategies that the girls followed fort creating a sense of self. this included adopting a hyper-heterosexual feminine identity.
hyper-heterosexual feminine identity
having a boyfriend and being loud
what is the result of of boys poorer literacy and language skills
the gender gap
why do boys have poorer literacy and language skills
parents spend less time reading to their sons and reading can be seen as a feminine activity.
sewell
boys fall behind because school is becoming more feminised.
what is said to be the cause of boys underachievement?
the lack of male role models both at home and at school .
AO3 boys and achievement
disciplinarian and liberal discourses by both genders
gender role socialisation
girls are more likely to read and write English
gender domains
the tasks and activities that boys and girls see as male or female “territory” and therefore as relevant to themselves.
subject images
science teachers more likely to be men
peer pressure
some subjects are seen as feminine
careers
still stereotypes in certain careers.
double standards
boys have their own version of sexual morality
verbal abuse
name calling to assert male power
male gaze
see women as sexual objects
peer groups (sexual identities)
verbal abuse to assert male dominance
policing identity
girls gain capital from boys with sexual identities.
