gender differences in achievement

Question 1

McRobbie (1994)

Answer 1

study of girl magazines.in the 1970’s they emphasised the importance of getting married , whereas now they contain images of assertive, independent women.

Question 2

examples of changes in the family since the 1970’s

Answer 2

-and increase in divorce rate
-an increase in cohabitation and a decrease in the number of first marriages.
increase in the number of lone-parent families
-smaller families.

Question 3

The equal pay act

Answer 3

the equal pay act makes it illegal to pay women less than men for work of equal value

Question 4

Sharpe (1994)

Answer 4

interviewed girls in the 70’s and 90’s shows a shift in girls ambitions. in the 70’s the girls had low aspirations ; they believed that educational success was unfeminine.
in the 90’s girls ambitions had changed they had a different order of priorities- careers and being able to support themselves.

Question 5

AO3 external gender achievements

Answer 5

WC girls still have traditional ambitions.

Question 6

what is the cause of GIST and WISE?

Answer 6

to encourage girls to pursue careers in these non traditional areas.

Question 7

what does GIST stand for

Answer 7

girls into science and technology

Question 8

what does WISE stand for

Answer 8

women into science and engineering.

Question 9

national curriculum

Answer 9

the national curriculum in 1988 removed one source of gender inequality by making boys and girls study mostly the same subjects, which was often not the case previously.

Question 10

positive role models in school

Answer 10

female teachers are seen as positive role models.

Question 11

Mitosis and Browne (1998)

Answer 11

they conclude that girls are more successful in coursework because they are more conscientious and better organised than boys.

Question 12

swann (1998)

Answer 12

boys dominate in whole class discussion, where as girls prefer paired work and group work and are better at listening and cooperating

Question 13

Weiner (1995)

Answer 13

argues that since the 1980’s , teachers have challenged such stereotypes. also, in general, sexist images have been removed from leaning materials. This may have helped raise girls achievement by presenting them with more positive images pf women.

Question 14

symbolic capital

Answer 14

refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth that we are able to obtain from others

Question 15

archer et al (2010)

Answer 15

identifies several strategies that the girls followed fort creating a sense of self. this included adopting a hyper-heterosexual feminine identity.

Question 16

hyper-heterosexual feminine identity

Answer 16

having a boyfriend and being loud

Question 17

what is the result of of boys poorer literacy and language skills

Answer 17

the gender gap

Question 18

why do boys have poorer literacy and language skills

Answer 18

parents spend less time reading to their sons and reading can be seen as a feminine activity.

Question 19

sewell

Answer 19

boys fall behind because school is becoming more feminised.

Question 20

what is said to be the cause of boys underachievement?

Answer 20

the lack of male role models both at home and at school .

Question 21

AO3 boys and achievement

Answer 21

disciplinarian and liberal discourses by both genders

Question 22

gender role socialisation

Answer 22

girls are more likely to read and write English

Question 23

gender domains

Answer 23

the tasks and activities that boys and girls see as male or female “territory” and therefore as relevant to themselves.

Question 24

subject images

Answer 24

science teachers more likely to be men

Question 25

peer pressure

Answer 25

some subjects are seen as feminine

Question 26

careers

Answer 26

still stereotypes in certain careers.

Question 27

double standards

Answer 27

boys have their own version of sexual morality

Question 28

verbal abuse

Answer 28

name calling to assert male power

Question 29

male gaze

Answer 29

see women as sexual objects

Question 30

peer groups (sexual identities)

Answer 30

verbal abuse to assert male dominance

Question 31

policing identity

Answer 31

girls gain capital from boys with sexual identities.