demography

Question 1

what four factors affect the size of a country’s population

Answer 1

• births: how many babies are born
• deaths: how many people die
• immigration: how many people enter the country from else where
• emigration: how many people leave the country to live else where

Question 2

what is natural change

Answer 2

the result of there being more births than deaths

Question 3

what is net migration

Answer 3

more immigration than emigration

Question 4

what is the birth rate

Answer 4

the number of live births per thousands of the population per year

Question 5

what does total fertility rate mean

Answer 5

is the average number of children women will have during their fertility years

Question 6

two reasons for changes in the fertility and birth rates.

Answer 6

• more women are remaining childless then in the past
• women are postponing having children: the average for giving birth now is 30 and fertility rates for women in their 30’s and 40’s are on the increase

Question 7

changes in the position of women

Answer 7

major changes in the position of women:

• legal equality with men(right to vote)
• increased educational opportunities
• more women in paid employment

Question 8

decline in the infant mortality rate

Answer 8

IMFR measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive per year. Harper argues that a fall in the IMR leads to a fall in the birth rate. if many infants die parents have more children to replace those they have loss.

Question 9

children are now an economic liability

Answer 9

children are gradually becoming an economic liability.
laws- banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the school leaving age

changing norms- the costs for bringing up children have risen

Question 10

child centeredness

Answer 10

there has been a shift from quantity to quality- parents now have fewer children and lavish more attention and resources on these few

Question 11

. What is the reason for the slight increase in births since 2001?

Answer 11

increase in immigration because, on average, mothers from outside the UK have higher fertility rate than those born in the Uk

Question 12

What does the overall projection show about the number of births up to 2041?

Answer 12

expects the annual number of births to be fairly constant, at around 800,000 per year

Question 13

What is the effect of fewer babies being born on:

The family?

Answer 13

smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go out to work, thus creating the dual earner couple

Question 14

What is the effect of fewer babies being born on: dependency ratio

Answer 14

dependency ratio is the relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the size of the non working or dependent part of the population.
Children make up a large part of the dependent population, so a fall in the number of children reduces the “burden of dependency” on the working population

Question 15

What is the effect of fewer babies being born on: public services and policies

Answer 15

lower birth rate has consequences for public services- fewer schools, maternity and child health services may be needed.

Question 16

define death rate

Answer 16

is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

Question 17

According to Tranter, what was the main reason for the decline in the death rate from 1850 to
1970.

Answer 17

due to the fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases such as measles and small pox.

Question 18

By the 1950s, what kinds of diseases had become the main cause of death?

Answer 18

“diseases of affluence”-wealth such as heart disease and cancers had replaced infectious diseases as the main cause of death. affected middle age and old

Question 19

social factors that had an impact on death rates: Improved nutrition

Answer 19

McKeown argued that improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates and was particularly important in reducing the number of deaths and increased survival chances of those who did become infected

Question 20

social factors that had an impact on death rates: medical improvements

Answer 20

improved medical knowledge techniques and organisation did help to reduce death rates. introduction of antibiotics .

Question 21

social factors that had an impact on death rates: smoking and diet

Answer 21

reduction in the number of people smoking lead to a fall in death rates. obesity has increased dramatically, deaths from obesity have been kept on the low as a result of drug therapies

Question 22

social factors that had an impact on death rates: public heath measures

Answer 22

power to pass and enforce laws led to a range of improvements in public health and the quality of the environment. these included improvements in housing and purer drinking water

Question 23

social factors that have had an impact on death rates: other social changes

Answer 23

• the decline in dangerous manual occupations such as mining
• smaller families reduces the rate of transmission of infection

Question 24

define life expectancy

Answer 24

refers to how long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live

Question 25

What is the difference in life expectancy for a baby boy born in 1900 as compared with a baby boy born in 2013?

Answer 25

man born in England in 1900 could expect on average to live until 50 (57 females) males born in England 2013 can expect to live for 90.7 years (94 females)

Question 26

Give one reason why average life expectancy was low in 1900.

Answer 26

the fact that so many infants and children didn’t survive beyond the early years of life

Question 27

What is the projected number of centenarians in 2100?

Answer 27

one million

Question 28

Identify three factors that have caused the ageing of the population

Answer 28

• increasing life expectancy: people are living longer into old age
• declining infant mortality- hardly anyone dies nowadays
• declining fertility-fewer young people are being born in relation to the number of older people in the population

Question 29

effects of an ageing population on: Public services

Answer 29

older people consume a larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other age groups.

Question 30

effects of an ageing population on: one-person pensioner household

Answer 30

the number of pensioners living alone has increased and one person pensioner households now account for about 12.5% or eight of all households. most are females

Question 31

effects of an ageing population on: the dependency ratio

Answer 31

as the number of retired people rises, this increases the dependency ratio and the burden of the working population

Question 32

what is ageism?

Answer 32

the negative stereotypes and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age

Question 33

in what ways may ageism be seen

Answer 33

ageism towards older people shows itself in many ways such a discrimination in employment and unequal treatment in health care.

Question 34

what is structured dependency

Answer 34

the old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them economically dependent on their families or the state

Question 35

how do Marxist view old age in a capitalist society

Answer 35

Phillipson- the old are no use for capitalism because they are no longer productive. the state is unwilling to support them properly so female relatives take responsibility for their care.

Question 36

how does age determine people role’s in society

Answer 36

age is important in role allocation, creating fixed life stages and age-related identities, such as worker or pensioner. old excluded from the role of the labour force= dependent and powerless

Question 37

how does the life course in postmodern society differ from that in modern society

Answer 37

in today postmodern society, the fixed, orderly stages of the life course have broken down. for example, children dressing in adult styles

Question 38

how do people use consumption to create their identities in postmodern society.

Answer 38

consumption becomes the key to our identities. we can now define ourselves by what we consume. Hunt- this may mean we can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of age, age no longer determines who we are