Class Differences In achievement

Question 1

What is cultural deprivation

Answer 1

The theory that working class children lack “cultural equipment” in order to succeed, such as language, self discipline and reasoning skills.

Question 2

Bereiter and Engelmann

Answer 2

Language used in lower class home deficient (gestures,single words,disjointed phrases). As a result, children grow up unable to explain or compare.

Question 3

Bernstein

Answer 3

There are two types of speech code:
Restricted code: working class, limited vocab, short, unfinished, description, simple sentences ; context bound

Elaborated code: middle class wider vocabulary

Question 4

How does speech codes affect education

Answer 4

The elaborated code is used by teachers/books and taken as a “correct” way to speak

Expressing thoughts clearly is essential in education

Middle class pupil are already fluent for school

Working class pupil likely to fell excluded

Question 5

What is the difference between working class and middle class parenting style

Answer 5

Middle class parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding and abilities.but working class parents use less descriptive statements. This results in Lowe performance

Question 6

What are educated parents able to access/ do better at ?

Answer 6

They are better at reading to their children which will give their children a wider education

Question 7

What are the two types of speech codes

Answer 7

Restricted code

Elaborated code

Question 8

How does speech code link to educational success

Answer 8

If a child uses restricted code they are more likely to fail to develop the necessary language skills

Question 9

What does subculture mean

Answer 9

A group whose attitudes and values differ those mainstream culture

Question 10

Sugarman

Answer 10

the working class subculture has four key features that act as a barrier to educational success

Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
Present time orientation

Question 11

Sugarmans study link to success

Answer 11

Working class children internalise these values. Parents pass on their values to their children through primary socialisation.working class jobs are less secure and less promotions

Question 12

What is compensatory education

Answer 12

Aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprived by providing extra resources to schools and communities deprived areas.

Question 13

What are famous examples of compensatory education

Answer 13

Educational priority areas
Education action zones
Sure start

Question 14

What does keddie argue about cultural deprivation

Answer 14

Keddie argues that it is “myth” and sees it as as victim blaming explanation. She dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed an culturally deprived background

Question 15

Working class

Answer 15

Manual opus ruins like plumbers or lorry drivers

Question 16

Middle class

Answer 16

Non manual for example doctors/ teachers

Question 17

Norm

Answer 17

Something that is visual, typical or standard

Question 18

What is material deprivation

Answer 18

Poverty and lack of material resources

Question 19

Evaluation points (A03) for material deprivation

Answer 19

The fact that some children from wc families do achieve suggests material deprivation is only part of the problem

Other factors may be influential eg religious
Views

Some argue that material inequalities have the brightest s effect in achievement.

Question 20

Cultural deprivation factors of low achievement

Answer 20

Lack of linguistic skills
Poor discipline
Lack parental qualifications

Question 21

Material deprivation factors of low achievement

Answer 21

Receiving free school meals
Low income households
Unemployment

Question 22

Identify three ways in which parents education may influence how they socialise their children

Answer 22

Parents who are middle class will socialise with their children in elaborated code

Working class parents will socialise with their children in restricted code with limited vocabulary

Educated parents are likely to praise their children

Question 23

Identify and define the theee types of capital described by Bourdieu

Answer 23

Embodied
Objectified
Institutionalised

Question 24

Three cultural factors which could affect achievement

Answer 24

Non educational parents
Housing
Behaviour

Question 25

What is cultural capital

Answer 25

Bourdieu used the term to refer to the knowledge, attitudes, values, tastes and abilities of the middle class

Question 26

Labelling

Answer 26

Attach a meaning or definition to someone.

Question 27

What do studies show about labelling

Answer 27

That teachers often label their students according to stereotypes assumptions, wc usually are negative labels

Question 28

Who did Becker interview

Answer 28

60 Chicago high school teachers

Question 29

How were wc and mc labelled differently in Becker’s study

Answer 29

In the wc schools there is major problem with discipline

Mc students were defined as quiet, passive and obedient in terms of behaviour

Mc schools had very few discipline problems

Question 30

According to Hempel-Jorgenson how was the ideal pupil defined according to each school?

Answer 30

Aspen primary the ideal students was described as quiet passive and obedient

In Rosen pro army school the ideal pupil was described as non misbehaving

Question 31

How does labelling affects students in secondary school

Answer 31

School persistently produce wc underachievement because of labels and assumptions of teachers

Question 32

How does labelling affect students in primary schools

Answer 32

Teachers used information from children’s home background and appearance to place them on separate groups, seating each group at a different table

Question 33

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 33

Prediction that comes true simple by virtue of being made

Question 34

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Answer 34

Sputters

Told teachers in a Californian primary school that’s they had a new test to identify pupils who would “spurt” ahead

Question 35

What did rosenthal and Jacobson find in their study

Answer 35

Found that almost half of these children a year later had made significant progress

This suggests that teachers had treated them differently which created a self fulfilling prophecy due to being labelled as a spurter

Question 36

Steaming

Answer 36

Separating children into different ability groups

Question 37

what most likely occurs when children are streamed?

Answer 37

they develop a self fulfilling prophecy

Question 38

A-C economy

Answer 38

where schools concentrate their efforts on students who are more likely to achieve A-C.

Question 39

What did Gillborn and youdell find about streaming students

Answer 39

they found that teachers are less likely to see working and class (and black) pupils as having ability

Question 40

internal factors

Answer 40

these are factors within schools and the education system.

Question 41

external factors

Answer 41

these factors are outside the education system.

Question 42

what is educational triage ?

Answer 42

triage means sorting

Question 43

what three categories do schools sort pupils into?

Answer 43

those who will pass anyway
those with potential
hopeless cases

Question 44

pupil subcultures

Answer 44

a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns.

Question 45

how to pupil subcultures often emerge

Answer 45

as a response to the way the pupils have been labelled and in particular as a reaction to streaming.

Question 46

lacey

Answer 46

concepts of differentiation and polarisation to explain how pupil subcultures develop

Question 47

differentiation

Answer 47

is the process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability attitude and behaviour.

Question 48

what is a form of differentiation

Answer 48

since it categorises pupils into separate classes

Question 49

polarisation

Answer 49

the process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite “poles” or extremes.

Question 50

the pro-school subculture

Answer 50

pupils placed in high streams (who are largely middle

class)tend to remain committed to the values of school their values are those of the school.

Question 51

the anti- school subculture

Answer 51

those placed in low streams (who tend to be working class) suffer a loss of self-esteem: the school undermines their self worth by placing them in a position of inferior status.

Question 52

ball

Answer 52

abolishing streaming. ball found that when schools abolished banding, the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures was largely removed and the influence of the anti school subculture declined.

Question 53

Habitus

Answer 53

learned or taken for granted ways of thinking/acting that is shared by a social class.

Question 54

symbolic capital

Answer 54

a concept introduced by bourdeiu. it refers to the obtain from others especially those of a similar class position to you.

Question 55

symbolic violence

Answer 55

a concept introduced by bourdeiu. it refers to the harm done by denying someone symbolic capital e.g defining their culture as worthless.

Question 56

Nike identities

Answer 56

seeking alternative ways of creating status through “styles” such as Nike. the right appearance gained symbolic capital approved by peer groups.

Question 57

.Evans (2009) - Class identity and self exclusion.

Answer 57

W/C girls were reluctant to apply to uni’s like Oxbridge and the few that did apply felt a sense of hidden barriers and of not fitting in. Girls also had strong attachment to their locality.

Question 58

Bordieu (1984) - Class identity and self exclusion.

Answer 58

W/C people think of Oxbridge as being ‘not for the likes of us’. This feeling comes from their habitus which includes beliefs about what opportunities really exist for them, they therefore excluded themselves from elite uni’s.

Question 59

Douglas

Answer 59

WC parents place less value on education. discipline harsher and inconsistent. less likely to read to children/take them to educational places.

Question 60

AO3 cultural deprivation

Answer 60

cultural deprivation is a myth they are culturally different not deprived. it is victim blaming.