Class Differences In achievement Flashcards
What is cultural deprivation
The theory that working class children lack “cultural equipment” in order to succeed, such as language, self discipline and reasoning skills.
Bereiter and Engelmann
Language used in lower class home deficient (gestures,single words,disjointed phrases). As a result, children grow up unable to explain or compare.
Bernstein
There are two types of speech code:
Restricted code: working class, limited vocab, short, unfinished, description, simple sentences ; context bound
Elaborated code: middle class wider vocabulary
How does speech codes affect education
The elaborated code is used by teachers/books and taken as a “correct” way to speak
Expressing thoughts clearly is essential in education
Middle class pupil are already fluent for school
Working class pupil likely to fell excluded
What is the difference between working class and middle class parenting style
Middle class parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding and abilities.but working class parents use less descriptive statements. This results in Lowe performance
What are educated parents able to access/ do better at ?
They are better at reading to their children which will give their children a wider education
What are the two types of speech codes
Restricted code
Elaborated code
How does speech code link to educational success
If a child uses restricted code they are more likely to fail to develop the necessary language skills
What does subculture mean
A group whose attitudes and values differ those mainstream culture
Sugarman
the working class subculture has four key features that act as a barrier to educational success
Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
Present time orientation
Sugarmans study link to success
Working class children internalise these values. Parents pass on their values to their children through primary socialisation.working class jobs are less secure and less promotions
What is compensatory education
Aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprived by providing extra resources to schools and communities deprived areas.
What are famous examples of compensatory education
Educational priority areas
Education action zones
Sure start
What does keddie argue about cultural deprivation
Keddie argues that it is “myth” and sees it as as victim blaming explanation. She dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed an culturally deprived background
Working class
Manual opus ruins like plumbers or lorry drivers
Middle class
Non manual for example doctors/ teachers
Norm
Something that is visual, typical or standard
What is material deprivation
Poverty and lack of material resources
Evaluation points (A03) for material deprivation
The fact that some children from wc families do achieve suggests material deprivation is only part of the problem
Other factors may be influential eg religious
Views
Some argue that material inequalities have the brightest s effect in achievement.
Cultural deprivation factors of low achievement
Lack of linguistic skills
Poor discipline
Lack parental qualifications
Material deprivation factors of low achievement
Receiving free school meals
Low income households
Unemployment
Identify three ways in which parents education may influence how they socialise their children
Parents who are middle class will socialise with their children in elaborated code
Working class parents will socialise with their children in restricted code with limited vocabulary
Educated parents are likely to praise their children
Identify and define the theee types of capital described by Bourdieu
Embodied
Objectified
Institutionalised
Three cultural factors which could affect achievement
Non educational parents
Housing
Behaviour
What is cultural capital
Bourdieu used the term to refer to the knowledge, attitudes, values, tastes and abilities of the middle class
Labelling
Attach a meaning or definition to someone.
What do studies show about labelling
That teachers often label their students according to stereotypes assumptions, wc usually are negative labels
Who did Becker interview
60 Chicago high school teachers
How were wc and mc labelled differently in Becker’s study
In the wc schools there is major problem with discipline
Mc students were defined as quiet, passive and obedient in terms of behaviour
Mc schools had very few discipline problems
According to Hempel-Jorgenson how was the ideal pupil defined according to each school?
Aspen primary the ideal students was described as quiet passive and obedient
In Rosen pro army school the ideal pupil was described as non misbehaving
How does labelling affects students in secondary school
School persistently produce wc underachievement because of labels and assumptions of teachers
How does labelling affect students in primary schools
Teachers used information from children’s home background and appearance to place them on separate groups, seating each group at a different table
Self fulfilling prophecy
Prediction that comes true simple by virtue of being made
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Sputters
Told teachers in a Californian primary school that’s they had a new test to identify pupils who would “spurt” ahead
What did rosenthal and Jacobson find in their study
Found that almost half of these children a year later had made significant progress
This suggests that teachers had treated them differently which created a self fulfilling prophecy due to being labelled as a spurter
Steaming
Separating children into different ability groups
what most likely occurs when children are streamed?
they develop a self fulfilling prophecy
A-C economy
where schools concentrate their efforts on students who are more likely to achieve A-C.
What did Gillborn and youdell find about streaming students
they found that teachers are less likely to see working and class (and black) pupils as having ability
internal factors
these are factors within schools and the education system.
external factors
these factors are outside the education system.
what is educational triage ?
triage means sorting
what three categories do schools sort pupils into?
those who will pass anyway
those with potential
hopeless cases
pupil subcultures
a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns.
how to pupil subcultures often emerge
as a response to the way the pupils have been labelled and in particular as a reaction to streaming.
lacey
concepts of differentiation and polarisation to explain how pupil subcultures develop
differentiation
is the process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability attitude and behaviour.
what is a form of differentiation
since it categorises pupils into separate classes
polarisation
the process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite “poles” or extremes.
the pro-school subculture
pupils placed in high streams (who are largely middle
class)tend to remain committed to the values of school their values are those of the school.
the anti- school subculture
those placed in low streams (who tend to be working class) suffer a loss of self-esteem: the school undermines their self worth by placing them in a position of inferior status.
ball
abolishing streaming. ball found that when schools abolished banding, the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures was largely removed and the influence of the anti school subculture declined.
Habitus
learned or taken for granted ways of thinking/acting that is shared by a social class.
symbolic capital
a concept introduced by bourdeiu. it refers to the obtain from others especially those of a similar class position to you.
symbolic violence
a concept introduced by bourdeiu. it refers to the harm done by denying someone symbolic capital e.g defining their culture as worthless.
Nike identities
seeking alternative ways of creating status through “styles” such as Nike. the right appearance gained symbolic capital approved by peer groups.
.Evans (2009) - Class identity and self exclusion.
W/C girls were reluctant to apply to uni’s like Oxbridge and the few that did apply felt a sense of hidden barriers and of not fitting in. Girls also had strong attachment to their locality.
Bordieu (1984) - Class identity and self exclusion.
W/C people think of Oxbridge as being ‘not for the likes of us’. This feeling comes from their habitus which includes beliefs about what opportunities really exist for them, they therefore excluded themselves from elite uni’s.
Douglas
WC parents place less value on education. discipline harsher and inconsistent. less likely to read to children/take them to educational places.
AO3 cultural deprivation
cultural deprivation is a myth they are culturally different not deprived. it is victim blaming.
