Gender development and social groups - SED4

Question 1

When do children develop gender constancy? What is this?

Answer 1

age 3 or 4
the belief that gender does not change over time

Question 2

Where do gender typical behaviours come from? (3)

Answer 2

• reinforcement
• imitation
• norm enforcement

Question 3

How did fathers respond to children playing with gender stereotypical toys? (2)

Answer 3

• more positively than non-stereotypical
• boys were more punished when playing with girl toys than girls with boys toys

Question 4

How are genders presented in books? Has this changed over time?

Answer 4

• stereotypical roles
• no change since the 1980s

Question 5

What is norm enforcement in terms of gender?

Answer 5

children are encouraged to adhere to social norms where gender roles are obvious

Question 6

What did Zucker et al (1999) conclude about transgender children?

Answer 6

they are developmentally delayed in their understanding of gender

Question 7

What was found when looking at transgender children’s explicit and implicit gender identity?

Answer 7

on both measures they showed that they thought of themselves as their expressed gender, in the same way that control groups answered

Question 8

How did children report their experience of retransitioning? (2)

Answer 8

• no regret over initial transition
• neutral or positive social environment response

Question 9

How does the mental health of transgender children (socially transitioned) differ from normal children?

Answer 9

• no different depression or self-worth
• higher anxiety (not by much)
• more anxiety and depression if they haven’t transitioned

Question 10

How did 4-7 year olds rate different objects are mostly for girls or boys?

Answer 10

• followed stereotypes
• stereotyping increased with age

Question 11

What happened when children were asked to recall pictures of people in gender stereotypical or non-stereotypical roles?

Answer 11

• they recalled more stereotypical than non-stereotypical pictures
• sometimes misremembered non-stereo as stereo (self-reinforcing)

Question 12

At what age do children start to verbally express a preference for their own gender?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

What are adults’ attitudes towards men and women in general?

Answer 13

• more positive attitudes of women
• think women are nicer but they are less competent

Question 14

What was found when children rated jobs on desirability and status?

Answer 14

• male jobs were rated as higher status than female jobs by both girls and boys
• girls desired female jobs more than male jobs
• boys desired male jobs more

Question 15

What happens when white 10 month old infants are offered a toy by a white or black woman?

Answer 15

there is no difference in toy acceptance

Question 16

What happened when 3 year olds chose social partners and informants (to learn from) from pictures of people differing in race and gender?

Answer 16

• they preferred to choose people of their own gender
• they showed no racial preference

Question 17

How do explicit racial attitudes change from 6 year olds to adults?

Answer 17

Decrease over time

Question 18

How do explicit racial attitudes change from 6 year olds to adults?

Answer 18

They stay the same

Question 19

What does xenophobia tend to relate to?

Answer 19

dehumanisation

Question 20

When shown pictures of people in york or far away, how did 5 and 6 year old children rate their humanity and preference for them?

Answer 20

• 5 year olds saw them as equally human
• 6 year olds saw them as more human if they were from York
• both preferred people from York

Question 21

How can you reduce intergroup bias? (3)

Answer 21

• contact and extended contact
• cooperation and superordinate goals
• behaviour training

Question 22

What happened after the intervention to teach selected children about prejudice? (4)

Answer 22

• peer trainers were more likely to be nominated as likely to confront prejudice in their school
• their anti-prejudice behaviours spread to friends and peers
• awareness of and attitudes towards prejudice and harassment did not spread to friends and peers
• peer trainers changed norms more than attitudes