Gender development and social groups - SED4 Flashcards
When do children develop gender constancy? What is this?
age 3 or 4
the belief that gender does not change over time
Where do gender typical behaviours come from? (3)
- reinforcement
- imitation
- norm enforcement
How did fathers respond to children playing with gender stereotypical toys? (2)
- more positively than non-stereotypical
- boys were more punished when playing with girl toys than girls with boys toys
How are genders presented in books? Has this changed over time?
- stereotypical roles
- no change since the 1980s
What is norm enforcement in terms of gender?
children are encouraged to adhere to social norms where gender roles are obvious
What did Zucker et al (1999) conclude about transgender children?
they are developmentally delayed in their understanding of gender
What was found when looking at transgender children’s explicit and implicit gender identity?
on both measures they showed that they thought of themselves as their expressed gender, in the same way that control groups answered
How did children report their experience of retransitioning? (2)
- no regret over initial transition
- neutral or positive social environment response
How does the mental health of transgender children (socially transitioned) differ from normal children?
- no different depression or self-worth
- higher anxiety (not by much)
- more anxiety and depression if they haven’t transitioned
How did 4-7 year olds rate different objects are mostly for girls or boys?
- followed stereotypes
- stereotyping increased with age
What happened when children were asked to recall pictures of people in gender stereotypical or non-stereotypical roles?
- they recalled more stereotypical than non-stereotypical pictures
- sometimes misremembered non-stereo as stereo (self-reinforcing)
At what age do children start to verbally express a preference for their own gender?
2
What are adults’ attitudes towards men and women in general?
- more positive attitudes of women
- think women are nicer but they are less competent
What was found when children rated jobs on desirability and status?
- male jobs were rated as higher status than female jobs by both girls and boys
- girls desired female jobs more than male jobs
- boys desired male jobs more
What happens when white 10 month old infants are offered a toy by a white or black woman?
there is no difference in toy acceptance
What happened when 3 year olds chose social partners and informants (to learn from) from pictures of people differing in race and gender?
- they preferred to choose people of their own gender
- they showed no racial preference
How do explicit racial attitudes change from 6 year olds to adults?
Decrease over time
How do explicit racial attitudes change from 6 year olds to adults?
They stay the same
What does xenophobia tend to relate to?
dehumanisation
When shown pictures of people in york or far away, how did 5 and 6 year old children rate their humanity and preference for them?
- 5 year olds saw them as equally human
- 6 year olds saw them as more human if they were from York
- both preferred people from York
How can you reduce intergroup bias? (3)
- contact and extended contact
- cooperation and superordinate goals
- behaviour training
What happened after the intervention to teach selected children about prejudice? (4)
- peer trainers were more likely to be nominated as likely to confront prejudice in their school
- their anti-prejudice behaviours spread to friends and peers
- awareness of and attitudes towards prejudice and harassment did not spread to friends and peers
- peer trainers changed norms more than attitudes
