Development of cognitive ability - CD3 Flashcards
What is feeblemindedness?
a category made by pintner to represent the lowest 3% of the distribution on the Binet-Simon test
How can intelligence tests be used in developmental disorders?
look at cognitive ability scores in order to understand and support patients
What are the components of Spearman’s theory of intelligence?
- general intelligence (g)
- specific abilities (vocab, maths, spatial)
What is fluid intelligence?
the ability to solve abstract relational problems that have not been explicitly taught and are free from cultural references
What is crystallised intelligence?
the ability to solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired in school or through other experiences
What does the theory of multiple intelligences suggest? (2)
- intelligence is the sum of the processing system that takes place irrespective of sensory input
- intelligence is not the same as a learning process
What are the components of the Bayley scale of infant development? (5)
- mental scale
- motor scale
- language
- emotion
- adaptive behaviour
What happens in the Fagan test of infant intelligence?
examine what children can categorise, along with difdferent abilities to differentiate between infants
What is the Stanford-Binet test? (3)
- adaptation of Binet’s scale to add age norms
- standardisation
- IQ = (mental age/chronological age)/100
How has the Stanford-Binet test been updated? (3)
- including more backgrounds like culture
- focus on information processing and memory
- linking ideas around fluid and crystallised intelligence
What is the Wechsler intelligence scale for children? (2)
- measures of intelligence across different domains
- (actual test score/expected test score for age)/100
then standardised
what is test-retest reliability?
the reliability of a test over time if the same person took the test at different time points
What is test validity?
the extent to which a test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure
What is IQ continuity like across early childhood?
correlations with IQ at age 8 are very low from infancy and they increase as you reach age 8
What is IQ continuity like across late childhood?
pretty good
How do IQ scores relate for how genetically related you are? (2)
- more shared genes = more correlated IQ
- this relationship is lower when reared apart
After a literature review, what is suggested to be the heritability of IQ?
20-30%
Why might genetics become more important with age on IQ?
you have more freedom to live in environments that let the genes play a stronger role
What is a passive reason for gene environment interactions?
a child’ environment may predict traits
but they are in that environment because of their parents’ genes
What is an active reason for gene environment interactions?
children’s traits may affect those around them, making a specific environment
What are the components in Brofenbrenner’s socio-ecological model?
- microsystem
- mesosystems
- exosystems
- macrosystem
What is a microsystem?
family and school
What is a mesosystem?
interactions between microsystems, e.g. between parents and teachers
What is an exosystem?
poverty, parents’ workplace stress
What is a macrosystem?
cultural stereotypes
What is a HOME score?
measures the quality of the child’s environment
How does HOME score relate to IQ? (3)
- score at 3-5 relates to IQ at 6-8
- particularly verbal stimulation from caregivers
- weaker correlation for primary schoolers than preschoolers
How does school year group relate to IQ?
higher year group = better scores on the IQ subset measures
How does the correlation between HOME score and IQ change over time and what does this suggest?
- decreases
- school influence begins to push against home influence
How do poverty and social class relate to IQ score? (2)
- poverty = lower IQ, especially for persistent poverty
- social class positively predicts IQ
How does the number of risk factors influence their effect on IQ?
more risk factors at age 2 = lower IQ at age 4 and 13
Why might the Bell Curve book be wrong about race?
there are likely more environmental factors influencing the IQ difference than any genetic differences
How does being adopted affect IQ scores?
people from all backgrounds will develop in the normal IQ range
What ability seems to be better in males?
spatial
