Atypical development - CD4 Flashcards
What is atypical development? (2)
- someone whose development/cognitive processes differ more than typical individual variation
- different developmental patterns/delays
What does the medical model focus on?
measuring individuals against the norm with a deficit view
What are the 2 perspectives in atypical development?
- cognitive genetics
- neuroconstructivism
What is cognitive genetics?
The study of how both genes and other portions of the genome affect the functioning of the brain and its consequences for cognitive development
What is neuroconstructivism?
the study of how genes and the environment interact over time and how it shapes the development of cognitive abilities
What is Williams syndrome? (3)
- intellectual disability
- perform significantly below average in intellectual functioning
- prior to the end of the developmental period
What are the 3 domains of adaptive functioning?
- conceptual
- social
- practical
What are included in the conceptual domain? (7)
language skills, reading, writing, maths, reasoning, knowledge, memory
What are included in the social domain? (4)
empathy, social judgement, interpersonal communication skills, ability to make and retain friendship
What are included in the practical domain? (5)
personal care, job responsibilities, money management, recreation, organising school and work tasks
What are the physical traits of Williams syndrome? (6)
- cardiac, musculoskeletal, renal and dental differences
- hypercalcemia
- distinctive facial morphology
- small stature
- problems with binocular vision
- hyperacusis (sensitive to sound)
What are the personality traits of Williams syndrome? (6)
- very friendly and gregarious
- unafraid of strangers
- empathetic
- extremely trusting and accommodating
- active - difficulty with concentration
- anxiety and phobias
What are the cognitive traits of Williams syndrome? (3)
- difficulties with spatial and numerical skills
- IQ in lower range (40-90)
- strengths in language, facial recognition and social interaction
What genetic thing is Williams syndrome associated with?
a pattern of gene deletion
What double dissociation happens with Williams syndrome in terms of language? What do each condition show?
down syndrome
- williams = good language comprehension and production, expressive, large vocab
- down = struggle to come up with the right words
What is linguistic affect and who shows a lot of it?
- use of linguistic tools that engage the listener
- people with williams syndrome
What double dissociation happens with Williams syndrome in terms of social cognition? What do each condition show?
- down syndrome
- williams = more social language
What socially evaluative language is found in Williams syndrome cases? (3)
- more referencing of affective states
- more evaluations of others’ behaviour
- more use of emphatic markers to engage the listener
What are people with Williams syndrome more likely to do during play than down syndrome?
initiate dyadic interactions with a parent and a novel adult (but more with a novel adult)
How do typical and Williams syndrome children differ in their facial recognition?
they detect the configuration of faces less than typical, but detect features a similar amount
How does the development of facial recognition differ in TDs and Williams syndrome children? (2)
- TD get better as they get older for configuration and features
- Williams similar trajectory for configs but it is just always lower
How do Williams syndrome children perform on theory of mind tests?
poorly
Why might Williams syndrome children show poor social judgements?
poor theory of mind
How will WS children perform when copying a picture?
draw individual elements well but struggle to put them in the right configuration
How will WS and DS children perform when copying a big letter made of little letters?
WS = draw the little letters but struggle with big letter
DS = draw big letter but struggle with small letter
What are the two visual-spatial processing theories for Williams syndrome?
- local processing bias theory
- dorsal stream deficit hypothesis
What does the local processing bias theory suggest about Williams syndrome?
a processing difference rather than a deficit - they bias their processing towards local things rather than global so report them more
What does the dorsal stream deficit hypothesis suggest about Williams syndrome?
they show a difference in their dorsal stream processing
What does the dorsal stream do (in relation to the dorsal stream deficit hypothesis)?
track the location or movement of individual items of elements
What happened when testing TD with WS children on patterns to do with motion and form?
- all worse at motion at age 4-5 (dorsal stream)
- TD performance equalised by age 15
- Some WS didn’t equalise by 15
- some WS were impaired on both form and motion
What happened when WS patients were doing matching or judgement tasks in fMRI?
reduced activation in parietal lobe areas of the dorsal stream
