Forming relationships - SED3 Flashcards
What is play?
behaviour that is enjoyable and done for its own sake, with no other obvious, immediate purpose
Who do infants play with below age 2?
themselves or a caregiver
What is sensorimotor play?
explore objects and see what they can do with them
What is rough and tumble play? What is it for and what does it lead to?
play fighting, helps to establish a dominance hierarchy, leads to popularity and having a wider variety of strategies for solving social problems
What is pretend play?
make a non-literal use of an object or action
What is decentration?
Pretend first with themselves being the object, then use more objects over time
how much of pretend play is social?
75%
What is evidence for parents scaffolding pretend play? (2)
- level + complexity of play increased when mother joined in and gave enouragement through explicit suggestions
- 20 months old = mothers foster physical and functional play, 28 months = symbolic play
What happens to pretend play at age 3 or 4?
children initiate it more often and adopt less realistic objects
Why is pretend play important?
helps us to establish a fictional reality with peers based on shared goals, which is crucial for cooperating in society as adults
What happened to 4 year olds after pretend play training? (2)
- significantly increased frequency and complexity of group pretense (more pretend play)
- improved performance on theory of mind tests
What is a positive of imaginary companions?
they help stave off loneliness for children
How do different age groups understand friendship? (3)
- 6-8 yrs = common activities, living nearby
- 9-10 yrs = shared values, rules
- 11-12 yrs = self disclosure, shared interests
How do friends and non-friends differ in their conflicts?
they are at the same rate, but friends resolve conflicts more quickly and more amicably and will more likely positively interact with each other again
What are stable preschool friendships characterised by? (4)
- frequent positive interactions
- talking
- cooperating
- positive affect
How did friends and non-friends differ on tasks designed to have conflicts? (2)
- friends made more proposals about how to resolve situation, more time negotiating arrangements and more compromises
- more stable friendships (lasted the year) showed more sensitivity to each other
What are sociograms?
circle diagrams that show the friendships within a group of people
How did popular children try to be accepted into a group that was already playing?
waited and watched, then started to make group oriented statements
How did neglected children try to be accepted into a group that was already playing?
waited and watched only
How did rejected children try to be accepted into a group that was already playing?
made disruptive statements and interrupted their peers’ play
What does peer rejection at age 10 predict at age 23? (2)
- poorer job aspiration and performance
- fewer social activities
What does having friends at age 10 predict at age 23?
positive self-esteem
Why might some children be rejected? (2)
- aggression
- group membership
How do heterogeneous and homogeneous schools differ in perceptions of ambiguous situations involving black and white children?
mostly white school pupils see black children as more aggressive than white children
mixed school sees fewer differences
What is bullying?
a subset of aggressive behaviour characterised by an imbalance of power and repitition
How can bullying be measured? (5)
- teacher + parent report
- self report
- focus groups with children
- direct observations
- peer nominations
What is bullying associated with? (5)
- later anti-social behaviour
- 4x more likely to become chronic offenders
- insecure attachment
- harsh physical discipline
- parental maltreatment
When presented with shapes or images of children, which one do ASD or non-ASD children look at most?
- shapes = ASD
- child = non-ASD
What is a potential effect of ASD children not initiating pretend play?
less developed theory of mind
How does ASD relate to friendship? (2)
- 56% of ASD adults report having no friends
- lower on friendship questionnaire
How do autistic children do on the sally anne task? (2)
- poorly most of the time
- however, some with higher social functioning do pass the test
What is central coherence? Who has weak central coherence?
a human being’s ability to derive overall meaning from a mass of details
ASD children
How do ASD individuals perform on embedded figures tests? Why?
better than controls
they process the details rather than the image as a whole
How do ASD children differ on types of pleasure they feel?
reduced social pleasure to typical children, but similar levels of other pleasures
Why might autistic children lack interest in social interaction? (2)
- anxiety
- stigma and bullying
