Development of the self - SED1

Question 1

Why is a sense of self important? (3)

Answer 1

• Need a sense of what we are capable of to interact with the environment
• some misunderstand the limits of their own bodies
• allows us to function in the world

Question 2

What does James (1890) suggest about how infants experience the world?

Answer 2

one great blooming, buzzing confusion

Question 3

What does Piaget (1953) suggest about how the self develops?

Answer 3

stimulation of the senses allows children to distinguish their own bodies from the surrounding world and to have a sense of agency

Question 4

At what age can infants wiggle their foot to move a mobile? What does this suggest?

Answer 4

• 2 months
• developing an understanding that their body is different from the external world

Question 5

When does repeating behaviour start to happen? (copy others to make something happen)

Answer 5

8 months

Question 6

What type of stimuli do even newborns show a preference for?

Answer 6

social stimuli (e.g. a face)

Question 7

What does the still face paradigm suggest infants have an awareness of?

Answer 7

their behaviour has effects on other people

Question 8

At what age do infants typically pass the rouge test? (red dot)

Answer 8

15-18 months

Question 9

What can only infants who have passed the rouge test do?

Answer 9

display empathy

Question 10

What emotion are infants more likely to experience if they have passed the rouge test? Which emotion happens anyway?

Answer 10

• embarrassment
• fear happens always

Question 11

When do children start to refer to themselves and when do they use comparisons (compare themselves to others)?

Answer 11

• age 2
• age 4

Question 12

What is theory of mind?

Answer 12

recognising that other people are separate from the self and may have different preferences, thoughts and desires

Question 13

What was found in the broccoli and cracker study when comparing 14 and 18 month olds? What does this demonstrate?

Answer 13

• 14 month olds give the crackers, regardless of the experimenter’s preference
• 18 month olds give the thing the experimenter prefers
• demonstrates a developing theory of mind

Question 14

What category can children put themselves in when as young as 2 years old?

Answer 14

gender

Question 15

What is the self other confusion paradigm?

Answer 15

people are more likely to confuse 2 things in the same category than 2 things in different categories

Question 16

What was found when 5-10 year olds rated adjectives as applying to the ingroup, outgroup or self and were later asked which category they had applied each to?

Answer 16

traits for the self were confused with traits from the ingroup more than the outgroup

Question 17

How do independent and interdependent cultures differ in their children’s drawings?

Answer 17

• interdependent = draw themselves smaller than other people and draw themselves standing closer to their peers
• independent = draw themselves larger

Question 18

According to Keller (2016), how does parenting differ in interdependent and independent cultures?

Answer 18

• independent = intensive and exclusive attention from parents, infants spend a lot of time alone
• interdependent = embedded in a dense social network, in constant proximity to caregiver but not the centre of attention

Question 19

At what age do children complete a manakin puzzle but still struggle with the trunk and get legs and arms confused?

Answer 19

27 months

Question 20

What are children of all ages good at when completing the manakin puzzle?

Answer 20

Placing faces, especially eyes and mouths

Question 21

What is the tadpole stage in children’s drawings and when does it happen?

Answer 21

• do not differentiate between heads and bodies
• between ages 3 and 4

Question 22

What body part are children first able to draw accurately?

Answer 22

faces

Question 23

what was found in the study measuring children’s understanding of their own and others’ body size? (3)

Answer 23

• more errors for own body size than others’ body sizes
• number of errors decreased with age
• all children at all ages (17-30 months) made at least one error in body size representation

Question 24

What was found about 9 year old children in relation to what size they wanted to be?

Answer 24

almost all of the children wanted to be slimmer than they were

Question 25

Who do children attribute positive and negative attributes to?

Answer 25

• positive = underweight people
• negative = overweight people

Question 26

What is found when looking at parental influence on body satisfaction?

Answer 26

• positive correlation between parent’s and children’s views of the child’s body
• more likely to develop a positive evaluation of chape and attractiveness if parents talked about physical health rather than weight control

Question 27

What is self-esteem?

Answer 27

a person’s evaluation of their own worth

Question 28

What does sociometer theory suggest?

Answer 28

self-esteem allows people to determine how successfully they are navigating their personal relationships

Question 29

what is a strong and stable self-esteem associated with?

Answer 29

wellbeing

Question 30

What are Harter’s (1993) 5 domains of self-esteem?

Answer 30

• scholastic competence
• social acceptance
• athletic competence
• physical appearance
• behavioural conduct

Question 31

Who are children with a high self-esteem more likely to relate to in the puzzle study?

Answer 31

the more competent-looking person

Question 32

What do children with low self-esteem tend to attribute positive and negative events to?

Answer 32

• positive = external causes
• negative = internal causes

Question 33

What do children with high self-esteem tend to attribute positive and negative events to?

Answer 33

• positive = internal causes
• negative = external causes

Question 34

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 34

a person’s evaluation of their ability to achieve a goal in a particular domain

Question 35

What are the 2 mindsets identified by Dweck?

Answer 35

• fixed mindset
• growth mindset

Question 36

What mindset does praising children for their abilities vs their effort lead to?

Answer 36

• abilities = fixed
• effort = growth

Question 37

What do children with a growth mindset tend to do? (2)

Answer 37

• persevere longer on challenging tasks
• be more willing to tackle difficult tasks

Question 38

What is self-presentation? (3)

Answer 38

• we have a public and a private self
• individuals try to influence how others think of them
• maintaining a reputation allows for cooperation

Question 39

What happened to children when they could steal stickers from another child or help them when being watched vs not being watched? (2)

Answer 39

• somewhat more likely to help if being watched
• more likely to steal when alone