gender development

Question 1

define gender “gender similarities hypothesis”.

Answer 1

• boys and girls more similar than different.

Question 2

boys outperform girls in spatial skills, the largest effect is for what factor?

Answer 2

mental rotation.

Question 3

state academic differences in terms of GCSE scores.

Answer 3

71.3% of girls achieve at least C compared to 62.4%.

Question 4

true of false: males are much better at maths than girls.

Answer 4

false - score similar.

Question 5

in terms of self-regulation, girls are more…

Answer 5

complaint, able to resist temptation, empathic and sympathetic.

Question 6

describe specific hormonal differences in boys and girls.

Answer 6

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH):

- prenatal exposure to excess andogrens lead XX children to play in more “masculine” ways.

Question 7

describe genetic differences.

Answer 7

girls showed more heritability than boys, whereas boys showed more shared env than girls.

Question 8

state the key processes of social learning.

Answer 8

• reinforcement

- modelling

Question 9

what constitutes the social cognitive theory.

Answer 9

• modelling in immediate env
• inactive experience
• direct tuition
  = importance of children’s outcome expectancies as a socio-cognitive regulator.

Question 10

state problems of the socialisation theories.

Answer 10

• adevelopmental : doesn’t account for dev changes in children’s gender-stereotyped beliefs.
• major mechanisms of the theory haven’t bee supported consistently by research.

Question 11

state the stages of kohlbergs cognitive developmental theory.

Answer 11

• gender identity = label 2.5 years
• gender stability = sex is stable overtime 3.5 years
• gender constancy = understand permanence 6 years

Question 12

describe the gender schema theory.

Answer 12

• gender identity has central control

- gender-related information guide gender-sterotyped processing and beh.

Question 13

describe the gender schema cont, and an issue with this theory.

Answer 13

• dev own-sex schema before other-sex schema.
• but no differences in boys and girls knowledge of gender-stereotypes, so this theory does not explain the asymmetry in boys and girls gender-typed preferences.

Question 14

state problems concerning the cognitive developmental theory.

Answer 14

• don’t address why males and females are valued differently.
• ignore social context
• predicted relationships between gender-stereotypes and gender-typed beh is typically not found.