child dev Flashcards
name a strength and weakness of interviewing as a source of research.
- allows in-depth information
- can be bias and time consuming
state why a naturalistic observation may be more valuable than a structured observation.
-a chance to explore natural social interactions rather than controlled interactions.
name reasons why causation does not lead to effect.
- direction of causation problem .
- third variable problem.
name why longitudinal research may be more valuable than using cross sectional research.
-allows to study stability in individual behaviour.
define microgenetic designs.
-intensively observe processes that produce change over short periods of time.
identify innovative techniques for when studying children.
- photography
- drawing
- writing diaries
- using prompts
identify the three stages of prenatal dev.
- germinal
- embryonic
- fetal
identify the three parts of skin tissue.
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
which type of gene is expressed?
dominant gene.
explain what occurs in the germinal stage.
- zygote formed
- zygote divides and multiples
- cells become more specialised
- embryo formed when implantation occurs.
explain what occurs in the embryonic stage.
blood vessels grow, placenta forms.
explain what occurs during the foetus stage.
reflexs occur, sex organs differentiate, sensory input.
name teratogens impact on prenatal dev.
- alcohol
- drugs
- smoking
- radiation
- pollution
- infectious disease
define the scala naturae.
great chain of being (hierarchy lower to higher animals).
define the repitulation theory.
dev of animal and human embryo.
what genetic disorders can occur in dev.
- cystic fibrosis
- anemia
- chromosomal disorders
how many children were affected by the thalidomide tragedy?
by 1961, approx 20,000 children were born with severely misshapen limbs.
give evidence for fatal learning.
-read stories Late pregnancy, 2 days after birth read story again, implied babies could hear familiar story through fast dummy sucking.
name the sense newborns have.
- touch - well dev
- taste - distinguish between several tastes
- smell - recognise mothers smell
- hearing - improves over first few months
- vision - only see things in near distance at birth
- balance - vestibular system
identify the reflexes newborns have.
sucking/rooting
morco
stepping
babinski
give an example of gross motor skills.
running, skipping.
which type of motor skill is involved in coordination of small muscle movements?
fine motor skills.
define vestigal.
reflexes have partially or wholly lost their function.
what do glial cells do in relation to myelination?
provide structural support and insulate axons by myelination.
give an example of advanced dev in primate infants.
neural cell proliferation
locomotor dev
give an example of slow dev in primate infants.
dependant upon mothers up to 4 years.
= extended juvenile life stages.
which of the two nervous systems (PNS/CNS) lay down the myelin sheath?
CNS.
define synaptogenesis.
formation of synapses between neurons in nervous system.
give evidence from sensory deprivation studies that there are critical periods in brain dev.
major delays in physiology and growth of brain due to neglect.
define the dynamic-system theory.
assessing change overtime, looking at ‘how’ dev occurs, not ‘when’.
name a major milestone reached between 6-10 months.
- crawling
name a major milestone reached at 2 years.
- running
give examples of multiple causes the dynamic theory empathises.
- increases in strength and weight
- posture control
- motivation
- neural mechanisms
- balance
- perceptual skills
variability of attractors depends on…
experimentation, curiosity and learning.
give evidence that the stepping reflex disappears due to weight gain.
when ankle weights were attached to infants they stopped stepping.
what components do infants needs to achieve in order to have successful reaching?
stable base, arm control.
did sticky mittens improve infants ability to grasp and reach?
- yes, significantly.
depth perception emerges before/after crawling.
after crawling, as infants who had been crawling for a while showed fear of heights in the visual cliff experiment.
true or false: knowledge of slopes was generalised from crawling to walking.
false - new walkers plunged down the slopes, even though they were cautious as crawlers.
give suggestion as to why crawlers cannot match perceptual abilities to action abilities.
in the visual cliff, although infants may had detected steepness, new crawlers still crossed the cliff.
