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Sociology > Gender And Sexual Identities > Flashcards

Gender And Sexual Identities Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

Biological traits which society uses to assign someone as male or female : chromosomes, reproductive organs

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2
Q

Gender

A

Cultural classifications of masculinity and femininity, socially constructed characteristics, norms, relationship. Society sees them as more appropriate for one sex than another

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3
Q

Sexuality

A

Sexual identity, attraction and experiences which may or may not align with sex and gender. Includes but not limited to heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, queer and so on

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4
Q

Femininity

A

The attributes, behaviours and roles associated with women and girls in society. = socially constructed so characteristics can be negotiated and changed

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5
Q

Masculinity

A

Social expectations of being a man. Roles, behaviours, attributes appropriate for boys and men in society. Constructed and defined socially characteristics can be negotiated or changed

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6
Q

Hegemonic femininity

A

Most dominant/traditional style of femininity, requires a woman to be heterosexual, child-bearing, attentive, passive subordinate, quiet

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7
Q

Hegemonic masculinity

A

Most dominant form of masculinity that is privileged and upheld by society characterised by strength, being the breadwinner, courage, aggression

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8
Q

Social constructionism

A

Biological characteristics such as sexuality and gender are products of human definition and interpretation and are shaped by social, cultural and historical contexts

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9
Q

Biological determinism

A

Individual characteristics and behaviour are dictated by some aspects of biology, human behaviour is innate (fixed from birth) and determined by genes

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10
Q

Instrumental role

A

Male’s role which is based on physical strength and being the breadwinner or protector of the family

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11
Q

Expressive role

A

Female’s role which is natural and based on their child-bearing role

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12
Q

Patriarchy

A

Society that is dominated by men

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13
Q

What does Parsons say?

A

Traditional gender identities
Females have an expressive role based on their child-bearing role
Males have an instrumental role based on their physical strength

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14
Q

Anne Oakley

A

TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

Gender role socialisation takes place in 4 main ways and that primary socialisation is key to developing a sense of gender identity. Supports argument that children are socialised into hegemonic femininity/masculinity
Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellations, domestic activities

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15
Q

Manipulation

A

Encouraging or discouraging gender appropriate behaviour

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16
Q

Canalisation

A

Parents directing child’s interest into certain toys and play

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17
Q

Verbal appellations

A

Parents using stereotypical feminine and masculine descriptions such as ‘gentle’ girls and ‘strong’ boys

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18
Q

Domestic activities

A

Daughters have cultural expectations of future responsibilities (helping out with house work)

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19
Q

What does McRobbie suggest?

A

Bedroom culture
TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

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20
Q

What is bedroom culture

A

Females are confined to their bedroom and this is where they spend their leisure time alone or with friends

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21
Q

What is the culture of femininity

A

Friendship and shared culture with other girls. Used to overcome their knowledge and their future will be restricted

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22
Q

What does Sian Lincoln say

A

Bedroom culture does still exist but significantly less privatised

23
Q

What does Billington?

A

TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

The media presents masculinity as dominant and femininity as subordinate.

24
Q

Nakuamara

A

TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

Although women are stereotyped in the media, digital communication and the internet are increasingly being used by women, from a range of different ethnic and class backgrounds, as a forum for support when they face discrimination and inequality

25
Q

Content analysis

A

Method used by sociologists to research media and now it represents groups or issues. Involves categories and counting up number of times different topics are featured within a media text

26
Q

Ferguson

A

-
TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

conducted content analysis of women’s magazine- cult of femininity

27
Q

Cult of femininity

A

Promoted the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others, family, marriage and appearance

28
Q

Mitsos and Browne

A

TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

Suggest a reason for boys doing less well than girls in education is that teachers tended to be less strict with boys = more leeway.

29
Q

What was reinforced by teachers in school and socialised boys into their gender roles where behaviour between boys and girls was seen as distinctly different

A

Anti-learning culture

30
Q

Skelton

A

TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

Argues that the ‘hidden curriculum’ is responsible for perpetuating gender differences in subject choice

31
Q

How does the hidden curriculum transmit traditional gender roles

A

-people persuaded by teachers + peers
-teachers make assumptions

32
Q

Kelly

A

-TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

science is seen as a masculine subject
-due to textbooks showing pictures of boys and examples that would interest boys
-boys dominate science classrooms by shouting out answers and grabbing equipment first

33
Q

Colley

A

TRADITIONAL GENDER IDENTITIES

Argues that school subject choices are affected by three things, their perception of gender roles, subjects preferences and learning environment

34
Q

Perception of gender roles

A

Whether pupils choose typically masculine and feminine subjects depends on the extent to which they have been socialised into a typically masculine or feminine identity. Those which strong identities are more likely to choose stereotypical subjects

35
Q

Subject preferences

A

Males and females choose subjects based on their perception of the types of tasks and activities required in the subject.

36
Q

Learning environment

A

Subject choices influenced by whether school is single sex or mixed sex. Girls more likely to choose maths and science subjects in single sex schools

37
Q

Horizontal segregation

A

Men and women are expected to do different types of jobs. Males = high speed ride operatives, females = catering roles

38
Q

Connell

A

CHANGING IDENTITIES Argues that there are 4 different types of masculinity, hegemonic, complicit, subordinate and marginalised

39
Q

Hegemonic masculinity

A

Traditional heterosexual masculinity tends to be dominant now

40
Q

Complicit masculinity

A

Men who believe men and women should share roles within the family

41
Q

Subordinate masculinity

A

Masculinities which are less powerful and carry a lower status

42
Q

Marginalised masculinity

A

Masculine identity held by those men who did traditionally masculine jobs and now their masculinity is under threat as many of these jobs have been lost

43
Q

Tony Sewell

A

Hyper-masculinity= adopt exaggerated version of hegemonic traditional masculinity due to being from matriarchal backgrounds.

44
Q

Sean Nixon

A

CHANGING IDENTITIES Men can care about their appearance and how they present themselves

45
Q

Mort

A

CHANGING IDENTITIES
Changes in men’s style create a new masculine identity and cause men’s consumption patterns to change as a result of the male body in the media

46
Q

Sue Sharpe

A

1970s=girls priorities were love, marriage, husbands and children
1990s=girls priorities were job, career and being able to support themselves

47
Q

Jackson

A

CHANGING IDENTITIES
Ladettes
Assertive femininity

48
Q

Weeks

A

SEXUAL IDENTITIES

Many would not say heterosexual but would say gay or lesbian making a statement about belonging and their relationship to dominant sexual codes

49
Q

Plummer

A

-SEXUAL IDENTITIES

homosexual career
-males accept label of homosexual and will join a subculture where stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm.

50
Q

Mc Cormack

A

-SEXUAL IDENTITIES

declining homophobia is due to the rise of conservative politics, backlash from the AIDS crisis and the banning of promotion of homosexuality in schools.

51
Q

Mac an Ghail

A

SEXUAL IDENTITIES

Suggests the 3 F’s as a way of avoiding the reality of their sexual identity

52
Q

Mc Intosh

A

SEXUAL IDENTITIES

Suggests that the homosexual role may include effeminate mannerisms (higher voice and attention to appearance)
Also says once a male has accepted the label or identity or ‘homosexual’ he will start to fulfil these expectations

53
Q

Rich

A

SEXUAL IDENTITIES

Suggests women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society through institutions such as marriage, sexual violence and rape and through sexual objectification of women.
Also suggests compulsory heterosexuality

Sociology (10 decks)

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