Ethnic And National Identities Flashcards
Race
Category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics such as skin colour and facial features
Ethnicity
Cultural differences between groups based on a shared common culture including elements like language, religion, art, music, literature etc
Ethnic minority group
Group who share the same cultural background but which is different to that of the majority culture in the country where they reside
Nationality
Refers to your country or origin or the country where you are legally entitled to reside
Immigrant
Someone who has moved from country to permanently reside in another
First/second/third generation immigrant
First= those who have moved to a new country themselves
Second= their children
Third= their grandchildren
Asylum seeker
Someone who seeks refuge in another country for a temporary period if it is too dangerous for them to be in their own country
Illegal immigrant
Someone who is not legally entitled to live in a country
Racism
Negative attitudes or behaviours towards a person/group due to their racial or ethnic background
Institutional racism
Policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organisation that result in and support a continued unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race
Assimilation
When an ethnic minority group become absorbed into the culture of the ethnic majority and adopt ‘common/shared’ norms and values and drop their own
Intergration
When ethnic minorities become part of the majority culture and adopt their norms, values and cultural practices which led to multiculturalism
Cultural/ethnic resistance
When an ethnic minority group unite together and strengthen their own ethnic identities as a way of fighting/‘resisting’ racism they face from ethnic majority
Cashmore and Troyna
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Immigrants from places such as India and Pakistan faced open hostility and racism from white British people and experienced discrimination in the workplace, housing and education. Therefore immigrants turned inwards and created their own communities with people from the same ethnic backgrounds.
Hebdidge
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests Rastafarianism was adopted by UK young Jamaican migrants as a type of subculture. = wore colours red, green and gold and wore dreadlocks = resistance to racism
Rastafarianism
A resistance to racism, an escape from the rational everyday world
Ethnocentric curriculum
National curriculum taught in school is predominantly for white people
Ghuman
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests that tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the uk. Would be socialised into extended family with emphasis on loyalty, honour and religious commitment. Parents would choose who their child should marry
Anwar
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests the family can be the source of conflict for some Asian children particularly around arranged marriage and freedom. Younger generation hold different cultural values = culture clash
What are honour killings?
The killing of a relative (especially girl or young woman) who is perceived to have brought dishonour on the family
Butler
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests tension between British and Asian culture where the family puts pressure on the control of women and girls as the future of community rests with them
Watson
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests the generation gap is emerging as the traditional Asian views on roles of women allow parents to decide the way in which they bring up their daughters.
Driver and Ballad
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests Indian families place a greater value on their children’s education and push children to have high ambitions and gain best possible grades.
Archer and Francis
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests cultural factors are important in explaining the success of British-Chinese students. Parents take a strong role in developing children’s academic success
Coard
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests curriculum is based on one particular cultural viewpoint while ignoring others. The British National Curriculum is ethnocentric.
Gillborn
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests that teachers are institutionally racist towards black boys. Black males are seen as a threat and disruptive by teachers=negative stereotypes and label them. Self-fulfilling prophecy
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Told something again and again so you believe it and act a certain way
Alexander
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests that Asian youths in east London have been unfairly targeted by police and the media. Suggests a ‘myth of the Asian Gang’ created by the media on clashes between black and Asian gangs which is exaggerated
Islamaphobia
Dislik/prejudice against Islam/Muslims
Hall
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests in his text ‘The White Eye’ that traditional films portray black people in 1 of 3 ways= as natives, as entertainers or as slaves.
Moghissi
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Suggests Muslims in the media are ‘huddled together’. Since 7/7 and 9/11, moral panic has been created around Islam as a religion. Also suggests Muslim women are presented as victims of honour killings and Muslim males negatively stereotyped as terrorists.
Sewell
TRADITIONAL ETHNIC IDENTITIES
Studied black boys in the media and suggests that they underachieve in education due to the teachers and employers and police being racist and will discriminate against them. Could also be due to the lack of a male role model in their lives.
Postmodernists
Characterised by fragmentation, uncertainty, choice and risk
Back
CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES
POSTMODERNISM
Suggests that black, white and Asian youths all share friendships, fashion, music and spike the same slang = hybrid identities. Also suggests these people were trying out ‘cultural masks’ and that ‘cultural borrowing’ was taking place.
Gill
CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES
POSTMODERNISM
Carried out a survey of British Asian students and identified a number of them as ‘Blasian’. Also listened to Black music and had friendship groups which included black youths. =further evidence of hybrid identities.
Code switching
British Asians may use a ‘western’ white identity among white, peers at school and then revert to a traditional ‘eastern’ identity when at home with parents
Burdsey
CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES
POSTMODERNISM
Suggests that British Asian footballers adopted an Asian identity when with their parents but a white identity when with their white peers. = ‘code switching’. These Asians wear a ‘white mask’ or different ‘cultural mask’
Nayak
CHANGING ETHNIC IDENTITIES
POSTMODERNISM
Suggests ‘white wannabes’ which are young while working class males who adopt styles and language of black culture.
Phillips et al
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
Suggests the national curriculum supports the ideology of nationalism and that history lessons are a key factor in creating national identity
Schuden
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
Suggests that all British people are socialised into a common national culture and identity through various means.
E,g, common language, education, symbols, mass media etc
Kumar
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
Suggests that unlike Scots, Welsh and Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is elusive. Developed sense of ‘missionary nationalism’. Quest to expand Britishness may have diluted Englishness.
Cashmore and Troyna (national identities)
Suggests that young black migrants responded to racism in different ways by asserting cultural identities which were different to the culture of white British youths.
Hewitt
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
Suggests that Britain has seen a ‘white backlash’ from the white working classes against what they perceive to be preferential treatment of ethnic minorities. = new form of white British nationalism or identity in Britain. Backlash has occurred in the education system
Hall (national identity)
Countries display 3 reactions to globalisation including cultural homogenisation, cultural hybridity and cultural resistance.
Cultural homogenisation
Accept a global culture, and all countries will become similar
Cultural hybridity
Take in some parts of global culture and develop a new but still individual culture
Cultural resistance
Resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic
Fairweather and Rogerson
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
Suggests that cultural homogenisation is occurring due to computer software, advertising, antisocial behaviour, digital communication.
