GEN BIO - Cell Cycle Flashcards
series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
CELL CYCLE
two major phases of cell cycle
Interphase and Mitotic phase (M-phase)
Highly regulated process
CELL CYCLE
cells undergoes normal growth processes and there is a replication of DNA and other organelles
INTERPHASE
When the cell spends most of its
time, it is called _____.
Longest Phase
In resting phase, the cell is at rest but ____________.
Metabolically active
The largest phase in which 95% of growth occurs.
INTERPHASE
The cell is growing, copying it’s DNA and preparing for division
INTERPHASE
The copying of DNA is called
synthesis or replication
Three stages of interphase:
⚬ G1 (Gap1 Phase/ Growth 1 phase)
⚬ S (Synthesis Phase)
⚬ G2 (Gap2 Phase/ Growth 2 phase)
the cell increases in size, make new set of organelles, protein
synthesis
G1 Phase
3 Major Checkpoints
- G1 checkpoint
- G2 checkpoint
- M-checkpoint
(metaphase checkpoint
or spindle checkpoint )
known as the restriction
point
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Verify whether all the cellular activities are accurately completed at each stage of interphase
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
The main decision point for a cell – that is, the primary point at which it must choose whether or not to divide.
G1 Checkpoint
G1 Checkpoint is located at _____________.
the end of the cell cycle’s G1 phase,
G1 Checkpoint is called a restriction point for ____________.
ANIMAL CELL
G1 Checkpoint is called a start point for ____________.
YEAST CELLS
Check growth condition depends on:
- CELL SIZE
- NUTRIENTS
- DNA INTEGRITY
- MOLECULAR SIGNALS
Longest and the most essential stage of interphase
SYNTHESIS PHASE
The cell replicates its DNA
SYNTHESIS PHASE
The DNA double helix is unzipped completely by an enzyme called
HELICASE
One DNA nucleotide at a time is added to BOTH sides of the DNA strand With the help of another enzyme called DNA
POLYMERASE
The cell continues to grow and synthesize proteins while preparing for cell division.
G2 Phase
Reorganize cell organelles and DNA condensation
G2 Phase
Determine state of pre-mitotic
cell
G2 Checkpoint
Ensure that all the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged
G2 Checkpoint
identify a replication faults
G2 Checkpoint
The cell prepares for division and
checks for errors
G2 Checkpoint
DNA integrity and replication
G2 Checkpoint
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA and damage cannot be repaired, what will occurs to ensure that the damage DNA is not passed on the daughter cells?
Apoptosis or programmed cell
death will occurs.
In mitotic phase the cell undergoes different stages, what stages are these?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
It follows the mitosis phase, where cytoplasm divides.
Cytokenesis
Occurs near the end of the
metaphase stage of karyokinesis.
M Checkpoint
Ensure proper spindle assembly and correct attachment to centromeres.
M Checkpoint
It is a fundamental process to create life, occurring in all forms of it, ensuring the perpetuity of their existence, as well as growth, tissue replacement/repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Cell Division
Happens when a parent cell divides into two or more cells called daughter cells.
Cell Division
In cell division, parent cells are ___________.
Diploid
Long and thread-like DNA in a non-dividing cell is called
Chromatin
Doubled, coiled, short DNA
in a dividing cell is called
Chromosome
All somatic (body) cells in an organism have
the same kind and number of chromosomes
Many organisms, especially unicellular organisms, reproduce by means of cell division
asexual reproduction
It occurs in all the somatic (body) cells
Mitosis
Where Mitosis occurs?
Somatic (Body) Cells
It is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
MITOSIS
FUNCTION OF MITOSIS
Growth and Repair, Cell reproduction
Phases of Cell Cycle
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
What will happen when mutation occurs,
the cell loses a control to divide which development of diseases cancer cells and eventually become leads disorder
a result from a pathophysiological response to external or internal factors.
Disease
gain or loss of whole chromosomes.
Aneuploidy
a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated.
Cancer
a cancer that starts in the skin
tissues or the that line other organs
CARCINOMA
is a cancer of connective tissues
SARCOMA
a cancer of bone marrow, which creates blood cells
Leukemia
Also known as trisomy 21
DOWN SYNDROME
trisomy 13
PATAU SYNDROME
Also known as trisomy 18
EDWARD SYNDROME
a boy with an extra copy of the X chromosome
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME, XXY
when one of the x chromosomes is missing
TURNER SYNDROME, XO
Due to deletion chromosome 11
PARIS-TROUSSEAU SYNDROME
is a cell division process where a single (parent) cell divides twice to produce four independent (daughter) cells
MEOSIS
When Meiosis takes place?
REPRODUCTIVE CELL
Homologous chromosomes
exchange parts of DNA with each
other; this process is known as
CROSSING OVER
The points of physical contact
from which the genetic
materials are exchanged are
known as
CHIASMATA
Crossing over leads to genetic recombination, which
increases
GENETIC DIVERSITY
The nuclear membrane
initiates to break down, and
the spindle fibers appear
again
PROPHASE II
daughter chromosomes are
pulled towards the opposite
poles the help of the spindle
fibers
ANAPHASE II
WHAT IS THE END RESULT OF MEIOSIS?
four non-identical, haploid daughter cells are formed, each having half chromosome number
Karyokinesis is also called
Mitosis
