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Anatomy > GB 7. Superior Mesenteric Vessels, Bowels and Pancreas > Flashcards

GB 7. Superior Mesenteric Vessels, Bowels and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What vertebral level does the coeliac artery branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

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2
Q

What vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

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3
Q

What vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery branch off from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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4
Q

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

A 
[1] Head
- the Uncinate Process is part of the head
[2] Neck 
[3] Body 
[4] Tail
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5
Q

Where is the pancreas located and how is it oriented?

A

The pancreas is mostly retroperitoneal except for the tail - the tail lies in the splenorenal ligament/lienorenal ligament

It runs from the duodenum to spleen

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6
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

It is an exocrine gland (secretes substances - enzymes - into the ducts) AND an endocrine gland!

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7
Q

What are the 3 main enzymes that the pancreas excretes into the exocrine ducts?

A

[1] Amylase
[2] Trypsin
[3] Lipase

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8
Q

What are the main substances/hormones that the pancreas secretes into the endocrine glands?

A

[1] Insulin

[2] Glucagon

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9
Q

The common bile duct opens up into which opening in the duodenum?

A

the Common Bile Duct opens into the Major Duodenal Papilla

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10
Q

What is the name for the pancreatic duct that is located in the body and tail of the pancreas?

A

Duct of Wirsung

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11
Q

What is the name of the duct that opens into the Minor Duodenal Papilla?

A

Duct of Santorini

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12
Q

What does the Duct of Santorini open up into?

A

Minor Duodenal Papilla

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13
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

A
  • is an important landmark halfway along the second part of the duodenum that marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut
  • it is where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct combine
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14
Q

What is the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

the sphincter near the major duodenal papilla

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15
Q

Where is pancreatic pain felt posteriorly and anteriorly?

A

Posteriorly - Back

Anteriorly - Abdomen

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16
Q

What is pancreatitis and what can it be caused by?

A

Pancreatitis: the inflammation of the pancreas

- a possible cause is a pancreatic psuedocyst

17
Q

If there is a cancer in the head of the pancreas, what can this lead to?

A

This can lead to blockage of the common bile duct

- this will lead to build up of bilirubin and yellowing of the eyes and skin

18
Q

What is an example of a congenital abnormality of the pancreas?

A

Annular Pancreas - the head of the pancreas extends around the duodenum, constricting it and not allowing passage of food

19
Q

What are the lengths of small intestine and mesentery? *hint: main idea, not numbers

A

Length of Small Intestine: 6 meters/24 feet
Length of Mesentery Base: 15 cm/6 inches

The mesentery is short while the small intestine is longer - kind of like a fan

20
Q

Where is the jejunum and the ileum located?

A

Jejunum - upper left region

Ileum - lower right

21
Q

What are some characteristics of the jejunum?

A
  • thick wall
  • wide lumen
  • valvulae conniventes
  • plicae circulares (mucosal folds - more prominent in jejunum than ileum)
22
Q

What are some characteristics of the ileum?

A
  • thinner wall
  • small lumen
  • mesenteric fat encroaches on bowel wall
  • peyer’s patches (lymphoid tissue controls bacteria)
23
Q

Compare and contrast the length of the arterial arcades and vasa recta in both the jejunum and ileum.

A

JEJUNUM:
Arterial Arcades: small
Vasa Recta: long

ILEUM:
Arterial Arcades: larger
Vasa Recta: small

24
Q

What is the junction/valve between the ileum and caecum called?

A

Ileocaecal Valve

25
Q

What are some characteristic features on the large intestine/colon? (e.g. muscles…)

A

[1] Haustrations - they give the colon its segmented appearance
[2] Taenia Coli - the longitudinal muscle of the colon
[3] Appendices Epiploicae - they are small pouches of the peritoneum that are filled with fat

26
Q

What is Diverticulosis? What are some causes of it?

A

It is development of small sacs/out-pouchings in the wall of the colon (diverticula)

Possible Causes:
[1] due to increased pressure on weakened spots of intestinal walls (e.g. straining during constipation)
[2] may result in inflammation (diverticulitis)/rectal bleeding

27
Q

What is the mesoappendix?

A

It is part of the mesentery connecting the ileum to the appendix.

28
Q

What are the 5 different locations that the appendix may be found in?

A 
[1] Preileal
[2] Postileal
[3] Pelvic
[4] Subcecal
[5] Retrocecal
29
Q

What is the two different sensory neurons associated with the appendix and the abdominal wall?

A

Appendix has visceral sensory nerves

The Parietal Peritoneum has somatic sensory nerves

30
Q

What is Meckel’s Diverticulum? What is it a remnant of (embryology)? What may it contain that will lead to serious conditions in the individual?

A
  • it is an outpouching of the intestines (lower part of the small intestine)
  • it is a remnant of the embryonic vitellointestinal duct (or yolk stalk)
  • it may contain Ectopic Gastric Mucosa which secretes acid and causes BLEEDING from intestinal mucosa
31
Q

What are the branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery?

A 
[1] Inferior Pancreaticduodenal Artery
[2] Jejunal Arteries
[3] Ileal Arteries
[4] Ileocolic Arteries
[5] Right Colic Artery
[6] Middle Colic Artery
32
Q

What are the branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery?

A

[1] Left Colic Artery
[2] Superior Rectal Artery
[3] Sigmoid Arteries

33
Q

What is the Marginal Artery of Drummond?

A

It is the anastomoses of the terminal branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Inferior Mesenteric Artery

34
Q

What does the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Inferior Mesenteric Artery anastomose to create?

A

Marginal Artery of Drummond

35
Q

What is the importance of the porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

The importance of portosystemic anastomoses is to provide alternative routes of circulation when there is a blockage in the liver or portal vein.
- the blood will flow through the systemic veins into the heart (even though this is dangerous too)

36
Q

Where are some of the porto-systemic anastomoses? [3]

A

[1] Lower Esophagus
- between Left Gastric Vein and Esophageal Veins

[2] Upper Part of Anal Canal
- between Superior Rectal Vein and Middle + Inferior Rectal Veins

[3] Umbilicus
- between Paraumbilical Veins and Epigastric Veins (small)

37
Q

What happens to the esophageal porto-systemic anastomosis when there is portal hypertension?

A

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

  • they are enlarged veins in the esophagus
  • occurs when there is a problem draining blood and the systemic veins take over
  • the veins can start bleeding and they become dilated
  • can be fatal
38
Q

What happens to the umbilicus porto-systemic anastomosis when there is portal hypertension?

A

CAPUT MEDUSAE

  • enlarged veins in abdominal wall radiating from umbilicus (looks like varicose veins)
  • due to high blood pressure in the veins when portal system is blocked
  • DO THIS - SLIDE 32
39
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta split into the left and right common iliac?

A

L4

Anatomy (16 decks)

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