GB 2. Anterior Abdomen + Surface Anatomy Flashcards
What are the planes of the anterior abdominal wall?
- Midclavicular Planes [2]
- Transpyloric Plane
- Subcostal Plane
- Intertubercular Plane
What are the 3 ways to find the transpyloric plane?
- midway between xiphoid process and umblicus
- midway between suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis
- where costal margin intersects the abdomen
What is the surface marking of the xiphoid process?
T10
What is the surface marking(s) of the bottom of the costal margin?
10th Rib
L2
What is the surface marking of the transpyloric plane?
L1
What is the surface marking of the subcostal plane?
L2/L3
What is the surface marking of the intertubercular plane?
L3
What is the surface marking of the iliac crests?
L5
What is the surface marking of the deep inguinal ring?
2cm above the femoral pulse at the inguinal ligament + lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
What are the 9 sections of the abdomen? Name them.
- Right Hypochondrium
- Right Flank
- Right Groin
- Epigastric
- Umbilical
- Pubic/Suprapubic
- Left Hypochondrium
- Left Flank
- Left Groin
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
- Right Upper
- Left Upper
- Right Lower
- Left Lower
What are the layers of the abdominal wall (from outside to inside)?
- Skin
- Superficial Fascia
- Camper’s Fascia
- Scarpa’s Fascia
- Deep Fascia
- External Oblique Muscle
- Internal Oblique Muscle
- Pyramidalis
- Rectus Abdominis
- Rectus Sheath
- Tranversus Abdominis
- Transversalis Fascia
- Extraperitoneal Fascia
- Parietal Peritoneum
- Peritoneal Cavity
- Visceral Peritoneum
Describe the function of Camper’s Fascia.
Fatty Layer
Turns into Dartos Fascia when it goes down to the scrotum
Describe the function of Scarpa’s Fascia.
Membranous Layer
Turns into Colle’s Fascia when it goes down to the scrotum
Also helps to form the Dartos Fascia
Name something that may happen with the Scarpa’s Fascia.
If there is the rupture of the penile urethra that leads to swelling under the fascia - urine enters the fascia
What are the flat muscles?
- External Oblique Muscle
- Internal Oblique Muscle
- Transversus Abdominis Muscle
What is the linea alba?
Where the flat muscles insert
alba = white - this means that there is little to no blood flow
What are the vertical muscles?
- Pyramidalis
2. Rectus Abdominis
What muscles form the rectus sheath? (anterior + posterior)
TOP: 3 - anterior - all ((Costal Margin and Above))
MIDDLE: Anterior: (1 1/2) -external [1] + internal [1/2]
Posterior: (1 1/2) - transversus [1] + internal [1/2] ((Below Ribs, but Above Arcuate Line))
BOTTOM: 3 - anterior - all ((Below Arcuate Line to Pubic Symphysis))
What is the nerve supply of the anterior abdominal wall? (the dermatomes)
It is supplied by nerves T7 to L1.
What is the blood supply of the anterior abdominal wall?
(1) Intercostal Arteries
(2) Epigastric Arteries
- Superior Epigastric
Artery
- Inferior Epigastric Arteru
What is the venous system of the anterior abdominal wall?
(1) Intercostal Veins
(2) Superior + Inferior Epigastric Veins
(3) Segmental Lumbar Veins (actually for posterior abdomen)
Describe the lymph drainage of the anterior abdominal wall.
Superiorly - Right + Left Axillary Nodes
Inferiorly - Right + Left Inguinal Nodes
What are the borders of the Inguinal Canal?
FLOOR - Inguinal Ligament
ROOF - Internal Oblique (arching over contents of inguinal canal to form conjoint tendon)
ANT. WALL - External Oblique (fortified laterally by Internal Oblique)
POST. WALL - Transversalis Fascia (fortified medially by Conjoint Tendon)
What are the borders of the inguinal canal?
FLOOR - Inguinal Ligament
ROOF - Internal Oblique (arching over contents of inguinal canal to form conjoint tendon)
ANT. WALL - External Oblique (fortified laterally by Internal Oblique)
POST. WALL - Transversalis Fascia (fortified medially by Conjoint Tendon)
What is the conjoint tendon?
It is made up of internal oblique muscle and transversus abdominis muscle
What is the content of inguinal canal? (in females and males)
Female:
- Ilioinguinal Nerve
- Round Ligament of Uterus
Male:
- Ilioinguinal Nerve
- Spermatic Cord
What are the 3 coverings of the spermatic cord? (from outside to in)
[1] External Spermatic Fascia
[2] Internal Spermatic Fascia
[3] Cremaster Muscle + Fascia
What are the 3 arteries of the spermatic cord?
[1] Testicular - from aorta at L2
[2] Cremasteric - from Inferior Epigastric
[3] Artery of Vas - from Superior Vesical
What are the 3 nerves of the spermatic cord? (not really)
[1] Nerve to Cremaster
[2] Sympathetics
[3] Ilioinguinal Nerve (not really - it is in the inguinal canal)
What are the 3 other things in the spermatic cord?
[1] Vas Deferens
[2] Pampiniform Plexus of Veins - Assymetric, Varicosities
[3] Lympathics to Paraaortic Nodes at L2
What is an incarcerated hernia?
if it is stuck
What is a strangulated hernia?
if it is really stuck and then bursts
What are the 2 type of groin hernias? Explain each
[1] Inguinal - above and medial to pubic tubercle
[2] Femoral - below and lateral to pubic tubercle
What are the 2 type of inguinal hernias? Explain them.
[1] Indirect - Young Man’s Hernia
- if it goes through the deep ring to the superficial ring
[2] Direct - Old Man’s Hernia
- if it only goes through the superficial ring (due to weakness in the transversalis fascia)
- Hesselbach’s triangle
What are the borders of the Hesselbech’s (Inguinal) Triangle?
Medial - lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle
Lateral - inferior epigastric muscle
Inferior - inguinal ligament
What is the Gubernaculum?
It brings the testes down to the scrotum.
In males, the gubernaculum gets shorter.
In females, the round ligament of the uterus is a remnant of the gubernaculum + the gubernaculum becomes the ligament of the ovaries.
What are parts of the testis?
[1] Head of Epididymis
[2] Rete Testis
[3] Body of Epididymis
[4] Tail of Epididymis
What are some things that may go wrong in the testis? [4]
[1] Undescended Testis - the descent of testis may be arrested at any stage
[2] Torsion - testis may twist upon spermatic cord resulting in occlusion of blood supply (testis can die)
[3] Testicular Carcinoma -
What are some things that may go wrong in the testis? [4]
[1] Undescended Testis - the descent of testis may be arrested at any stage
[2] Torsion - testis may twist upon spermatic cord resulting in occlusion of blood supply (testis can die)
[3] Testicular Carcinoma - the inguinal nodes may be enlarged
[4] Swellings - Hydrocoele
- Varicocele
- Spermatocele
What are the 3 swellings of the testis?
[1] Hydrocoele
- collection of fluids in tunica vaginalis - this may be bc it does not seal properly
[2] Varicocele
- basically varicose veins for the testis
- enlarged dilated veins
[3] Spermatocele
What is the dermatome of the xiphoid process?
T7
What is the dermatome of the umbilicus?
T10
Where is the Arcuate Line located?
It is a transverse line halfway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
Where are the Linea Semilunaris lines located?
It’s the outer lines of the rectus abdominis (abdominal 6- pack)
What artery supplies the rectus abdominis muscle?
Epigastric Arteries
Which type of hernia is the most common: Inguinal or Femoral?
Inguinal Hernia
What is the Tunica Vaginalis and what is its function in males?
The processus vaginalis becomes the tunica vaginalis.
The Tunica Vaginalis is the pouch of serous membrane that covers the testes.
