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Anatomy > GB 22. Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen > Flashcards

GB 22. Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the planes that allow the abdomen to be split into 4 quadrants?

A

[1] Transumbilical Plane
- goes through L3 and L4

[2] Midline Plane
- from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

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2
Q

What are the names of the planes that allow the abdomen to be split up into 9 quadrants?

A

[1] Mid-Clavicular Planes (2 of them)

[2] Transpyloric Plane
- the TIP of the 9th costal cartilage

[3] Transtubercular Plane (L4/L5)

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3
Q

What are some of the important structures associated with the Transpyloric Plane? (L1?)

A 
[1] Tip of 9th Costal Cartilage
[2] Fundus of Gall Bladder
[3] Pylorus of the Stomach
[4] Neck of Pancreas
[5] Formation of Portal Vein
[6] Origin of the Superior Mesenteric Artery
[7] Hila of the Kidneys
[8] End of Spinal Cord
[9] Spleen (?)
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4
Q

If you have pain in your right hypochondrium area, what pain/illness may that be associated with?

A
  • liver

- infected gall bladder (+ murphy’s sign)

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5
Q

If you have pain in your right iliac fossa area, what pain/illness may that be associated with?

A
  • appendicitis
  • meckel’s diverticulum (late stages)
  • testicular/ovarian pain
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6
Q

If you have pain in your left iliac fossa area, what pain/illness may that be associated with?

A
  • infected sigmoid colon
  • diverticular disease
  • testicular/ovarian pain
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7
Q

What is anatomical variance and why may it arise?

A

everybody’s bodies are different!

- the stomach in one person may be smaller while in another it is larger!

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8
Q

In general, what does the sympathetic nervous system do to influence gastrointestinal secretion, motor activity and sphincters + blood vessels??

A
  • it causes the inhibition of gastrointestinal secretion and motor activity
  • it causes the contraction of gastrointestinal sphincters and blood vessels
  • (contraction of muscles)
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9
Q

In general, what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to influence the gastrointestinal tract and its activities?

A
  • it stimulates gastrointestinal secretion and motor activity
  • it relaxes the gastrointestinal sphincters and blood vessels
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10
Q

Which parts of the spinal cord are sympathetic?

A

thoracolumbar

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11
Q

Which parts of the spinal cord are parasympathetic?

A

craniosacral

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12
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system extend beyond the thoracolumbar area?

A

Yes - there are sympathetic trunks (chains) that allow the sympathetic system to have a wider effect

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13
Q

What are the lengths of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic axons in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • short pre-synaptic neuron

- long post-synaptic neuron

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14
Q

What are the lengths of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic axons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • long pre-synaptic neuron

- short post-synaptic neuron

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15
Q

What are the dermatomes of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7 to L1

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16
Q

Visceral afferents/pain usually travel with what type of nervous system fibres?

A
  • usually travel with sympathetic fibres
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17
Q

What nerve is associated with the kidney?

A

T12

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18
Q

How does the brain interpret visceral pain?

A

the brain interprets visceral pain from associated dermatome

e.g. appendicitis pain is felt peri-umbilically first

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19
Q

What are the 5 spots where the appendix may be in?

A 
[1] Preileal
[2] Postileal
[3] Pelvic
[4] Subcecal
[5] Retrocecal
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20
Q

What is the importance of McBurney’s Point? What part of the appendix is present there?

A
  • the base of the appendix is always at McBurney’s Point even though there are 5 different locations
21
Q

What are the horizontal lines present in the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

tendinous intersections

22
Q

What is the inguinal ligament made up of (what is the covering of it)?

A

It is formed from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

23
Q

What are some common surgical incisions/scars?

A 
[1] Midline
[2] Paramedian
[3] Flank
[4] Kocher
[5] Gridiron
[6] Pfannenstiel
24
Q

When is the Kocher incision normally used?

A

usually to get to the gall bladder

25
Q

What is the Gridiron incision normally used?

A

usually for the appendix (appendectomy)

26
Q

When is the Pfannenstiel incision normally used?

A

Caesarian or C-section

27
Q

Why might the Paramedian incision be bad?

A
  • incision lateral to rectus abdominis

- can get necrosis of the rectus abdominis muscle

28
Q

What happens in a Midline incision?

A
  • moves around the umbilicus

- there is no damage to muscles as it is running down through the linea alba

29
Q

What is the location of the liver (e.g. what costal cartilage is it located close to)?

A
  • in right upper quadrant

- it is from the right 5th costal cartilage

30
Q

Where is the spleen located? (be specific)

A
  • behind ribs 9 to 11 on the left side

- behind the mid-axillary line

31
Q

When the spleen is enlarged/inflamed where does it go?

A
  • it can increase 3x in size

- it moves towards the right iliac fossa

32
Q

What vertebral level does the Coeliac Trunk exit the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

33
Q

What vertebral level does the Superior Mesenteric Artery exit the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

34
Q

What vertebral level does the Renal Artery exit the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

35
Q

Which arteries come off of the abdominal aorta at L1?

A

[1] Superior Mesenteric Artery

[2] Renal Artery

36
Q

What artery comes off of the abdominal aorta at L2?

A

Gonadals

37
Q

What artery comes off of the abdominal aorta at L3?

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

38
Q

What are the 2 main areas that lymph gets drained to? How is the lymph drainage defined?

A

Abdomen is split into superior and inferior through the Transumbilical Plane

[1] Above Transumbilical Plane - drains to axillary nodes

[2] Below Transumbilical Plane - drains to superficial inguinal nodes

39
Q

In the condition of Caput Medusae, what does it mean if blood is flowing away from the umbilicus?

A

that there is portal hypertension (that may have arised from liver damage)

40
Q

In the condition of Caput Medusae, what does it mean if blood is flowing towards the umbilicus?

A

if the blood is flowing towards the umbilicus, the IVC may be damaged or blocked
- this needs immediate treatment!

41
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1/L2

42
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in children?

A

L3/L4

43
Q

When is a lumbar puncture done?

A

it is usually to gain a specimen of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

44
Q

What are the layers from the skin all the way in to the CSF?

A 
[1] skin/subcutaneous fat
[2] superficial/deep fascia
[3] supraspinous/intraspinous ligaments (if central or lateral)
[4] ligamentum flavum
[5] dura
[6] arachnoid layers
[7] CSF!
45
Q

What are the layers from the skin all the way in to the CSF? - LOOK THIS OVER

A 
[1] skin/subcutaneous fat
[2] superficial/deep fascia
[3] supraspinous ligament
[4] interspinous ligament
[5] ligamentum flavum
[6] dura
[7] arachnoid layers
[8] subarachnoid space
CSF!
46
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture normally done?

A

L3/L4

47
Q

What are the layers from the skin all the way in to the CSF?

A 
[1] skin
[2] subcutaneous fat
[3] superficial fascia
[4] deep fascia
[5] supraspinous ligament
[6] interspinous ligament
[7] ligamentum flavum
[8] dura
[9] arachnoid layers
CSF!
48
Q

Describe the position of a direct hernia in relation to the inferior epigastric vessels.

A

neck of the hernia is MEDIAL to the inferior epigastric vessels

Anatomy (16 decks)

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