Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LAIM > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of stalling in horses

A

Decrease fecal output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which animal is the amplifying reservoir for blue tongue virus?

A

Cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

I which cells do BTV replicates?

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Mononuclear phagocytic cells –> Macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

E.TEC toxin is a:

A

Heat ST toxin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Downside of ELISA for antibody detection for PHF

A
  • Failure to seroconvert does not rule out infection
  • Frequent false +
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Asymptomatic esophageal diverticula

A

Traction (true)

Dilation with broad neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effect of C. perfringens type A in neonatal calves

A

Ruminal and abomasal timpany, abomasitis, abomasal ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, causative agent

A

C. perfringens Type A, a-toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which are the 3 types of infection produced by BVDV

A
  1. Acute transient 2. Fetal infection 3. Persistent infected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bilateral keratitis in cow, lymphadenopathy, after show

A

MCF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Source of infection in Lawsonia?

A

Not determined in horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical pathology findings in case of MEED

A

Anemia

Eosinophilia)

↑GGT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Duration of quarantine of equine coronavirus

A

? 21?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pulpy kidney (overeating disease)

A

Cl Perfingens type D –> pronounced hyperglycemia (glucosuria) –> necropsy: vasculitis (excess pericardial and thoracic fluid), rapid autolysis kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Current standard for diagnosis of PHF

A

PCR in whole blood (DNA in leukocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parameters for poor short-term prognosis in cases of abomasal volvulus

A

Serum Cl <79mEq/L Base excess < -0.1 Anion gap >30mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diarrhea in 5 month old cattle, just weaned

A

Coccidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Secondary abomasal impaction

A

feeding of coarse roughage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which serovar of BVDV produces PI animals

A

Non-cytopathic (NCP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type of BVDV causing severe acute and hemorrhagic disease

A

Type 2 NCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Fecal-oral transmission of encysted, sporulated oocysts → distal small and large intestine → villous atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prevention of acorn toxicosis

A

Calcium hydroxide (Hydrated lime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Potomac horse fever, infection

A

Horse eats aquatic insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diagnosis for acorn toxicosis

A

Serum or urinary phenolic content (Hydrolyzed tannin: gallic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Receptor for LPS?

A

TLR 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

White eye calf

A

BTV infection in cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When is the infection of cows with BVDV to induce PI calves?

A

Infection prior day 125 of gestation (80) ○ Immunotolerant ○ Principal reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How to confirm a LDA?

A

pH <4.5 by percutaneous aspiration Ultrasound → position of pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prevention for pulpy kidney disease

A

Vaccinate twice before arrival to the feedlot Type D antitoxin Adjust diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Diagnostic test for MCF in animals with clinical disease

A

PCR Serology better for asymptomatic and reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Causes of alkaline rumen

A

High protein or NPN in diet Urea toxicity Poor digestable roughage, simple indigestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Clinical signs of Johne’s in alpaca and sheep

A

Chronic weight loss and anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCF

A

Lymphocytes (T lymphocytes CD8+) Lymphoproliferative disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mare with suspected stomach ulcer, dx test at farm

A

Sucrose absorption test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Types of vagal indigestion

A
  1. Failure of omasal transport 2. Pyloric outflow failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neorickettsia risticii, transmission

A

trematode –snail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Crypto and salmonella pathogenesis

A

May be exacerbated by antibiotic therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Johne’s pathophysiology

A

M cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Black disease necropsy

A

C. Novyi type B –> Engorgement of SQ vessels and variable amount of SQ edema and gelatinous exudate in fascial planes. Blood stained serous fluid in large amounts in pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Increase risk for salmonella

A

Antibiotic treatment and colic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Foal 21 days febrile, icteric mucous membranes and with high liver enzymes

A

Clostridium pilosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Consistent necropsy finding in cases of DPJ

A

Serositis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Horse with lesion in skin, also chronic weight loss

A

MEED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Type of rotavirus in foals

A

Group A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Cause of abomasal ulcers in calves

A

Cu deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Vector and intermediate host por N. risticii

A
  • Vector: Trematode
  • Intermediate host: aquatic insects, operculated snails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Main clinical pathoogy finding in lawsonia cases

A

Albumin → < 2 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Risk factor for pulpy kidney disease in sheep

A

Animals fed highly nutritious diet (grain-fed livestock)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Best diagnostic test for L. intracellularis

A

Combine both serology and fecal PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Best to diagnose PI in BVDV

A

IHC skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Causative agent of yellow lamb disease

A

C. perfringens Type A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Abortions, oral lesions, ptyalism in sheep

A

Bluetongue?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Blood smear for Neorickettsia

A

Rarely find intracytoplasm granules in monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Why are neonates predisposed to necrotic enteritis due to C. perfringens type C?

A

Trypsin inhibitors in colostrum Trypsin → proteolytic enzyme that can destroy beta-toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Treatment of choice for PHF

A

Oxytetracycline

Horses do not remain carriers of N. risticii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Papple abdominal contour, rumen chloride 60

A

Pyloric outflow obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Ocular lesion in cattle with MCF

A

Uveitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity → centripetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Causative agent of winter dysentery

A

Bovine coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Horse with peritonitis, response to penicillin. Most probable organism cultured?

A

Actinobacillus equuli: Gram neg rod (rapid response to atb pen/gent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Necropsy diagnosis for L. intracellularis

A

Silver staining with Warthin Starry stain → bacilli in the apical zone of the crypt epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Target cell of M. avium subs paratuberculosis

A

Macrophages Facultative intracellular bacteria

63
Q

Best test to detect animals in the eclipse phase of MAP

A

Intradermal Johnin test (Immune based) Blood, detects IFN-g Unreliable

64
Q

Causative agent of equine enterotoxemia

A

C. perfringens Type A

65
Q

Reservoirs for MCF

A

Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs

66
Q

Test with 90% Se on Johne’s disease in animal with clinical signs

A

ELISA Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15% Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%

67
Q

How can you produce a OvHV-2 free sheep

A

Separate lambs from adults ar 2 months of age

68
Q

Mule with clinical signs of dysautonomia, what diagnostic test would have to be performed

A

Intestinal biopsy (decrease of Cajal cells)

69
Q

VFA 80% E dairy cow

A

A: P : B –> 70:20:10 if high fiber diet and 60:30:10 if high starch diet

70
Q

Causative agent of lamb dysentery

A

C. perfringens Type B, b-toxin

71
Q

Options to diagnose MAP in cows with clinical signs

A

ELISA PCR (high PV)

72
Q

C. difficile toxins

A

A: Secretory and cytotoxic effects → Activates inflammatory cells → release proinflammatory cytokines and vasoactive mediators → Induction of substance P (neurotransmissor) ▪ Dependence on substance P for expression of pathologic effects B: Enterotoxygenic (secretory), and cytotoxic → unknown role in animals

73
Q

What is the best to prevent rotaviral diarrhea in edemic farms?

A

Vaccine for pregnant mares (3 doses: 8, 9 and 10 months gest)→ ↓clinical signs, mild form (not prevent)

74
Q

Secretory diarrhea in 14 day old calf

A

Rotavirus? Cryptosporidium?

75
Q

C. perfringens toxins

A

• Types → A and C ○ A → most frequent → enterotoxin Foals <10d (Type C: alpha and beta) Exotoxin Effect Alpha* Phospholipase Beta-2 Necrotizing cytotoxic Epsilon Iota Theta Hemolytic

76
Q

Best sample for diagnosis of Peste des Petit Ruminants in life goats

A

Lymph node biopsy after day 3

77
Q

Cow with sx of HBS relation

A

most common in high producing cows during first weeks of lactation

78
Q

Pathogenesis of PHF

A
  1. Ingestion of aquatic insect containing metacercariae or cercariae from environment
  2. Replicates in colon epithelial cells, tissue macrophages, mast cells and blood monocytes
79
Q

Prevention of phalaris staggers

A

Cobalt, but not effective as treatment

80
Q

Which bacteria is increased in cases of grain overload in ruminants?

A

Strep. bovis, ↑ lactic acid as end product

81
Q

Correlation of glucose with septic peritonitis

A

Serum-to-PF glucose conc difference > 50 g/dl → septic peritonitis

Glucose <30 mg/dL

82
Q

How does salmonella reaches the intestinal mucosa?

A

Through invasion of M cells (intestinal lymphoid tissue)

83
Q

Salmonella dublin

A

Eliminated in milk and colostrum and high risk of infection of calves

84
Q

Gold standard diagnosis of clostridial diarrhea

A

Cell cytotoxic assay*

Immunoassay: ELISA –> reliable and rapid

85
Q

Which cell salmonella uses for dissemination?

A

Macrophages

86
Q

Which are the sites of replication for Bluetongue virus?

A

endothelium and mononuclear phagocytic cells (macrophages)

87
Q

PG that is gastroprotectant

88
Q

Best test in camelids for MAP infection

A

Fecal PCR Serology not useful

89
Q

Which cells are target for N. risticii?

A
  1. Monocytes/Macrophages
  2. Colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells
  3. Colon mast cells
90
Q

Parasites in alpacas

A

See article

91
Q

How is the development of acute mucosal disease in BVDV?

A

PI is infected with a CP strain that is a mutation from the NCP (homologous)

92
Q

Localization of MAP in the intestine

A

M cells in the epithelium of the ileum and then overlies Peyer’s patches

93
Q

Sensitivity of salmonella fecal culture with 5 collections

94
Q

Site of infection of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

Proliferative crypt cells in the ileum → ↑ mitotic division → hyperplasia

95
Q

Foal 7 months, losing weight, ventral edema, hypoalbuminemia, fibrinogen high, leukocytosis. What do you expect to find in the biopsy or necropsy?

A

Proliferative enteritis

96
Q

Lawsonia causes

A

Increased mitosis in ileum crypt cells, Hyperplasia

97
Q

What is the effect of sucralfate in cases of esophagitis?

A

Uncertain efficacy since needs a low pH to attach to the ulcers

98
Q

Which drug can be used to enhance gastric emptying in foals with ulcerative duodenitis?

A

Bethanechol

99
Q

Sheep with firm mass in the low right abdomen, pear shaped

A

Emptying defect of Suffolk sheep

100
Q

Cause of dummy lamb syndrome

A

MLV vaccine for BTV to pregnant ewes

101
Q

What are the 4 syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals?

A

Subclinical, clinical, perforating, pyloric stricture

102
Q

Which disease can be prevented by use of a serum derived colostrum replacer?

103
Q

Lesion of lawsonia

A

Adenomatosis of the ileum (hyperplasia)

104
Q

TP/WBC in DPJ vs strangulation

A

DPJ: Disprop↑PT/normal WBC (no leukotactic stim)

Strangulation: WBC/TP >3

105
Q

Congenital cataracts in a calf

106
Q

XR, US caval syndrome related:

A

Chronic ruminal acidosis

107
Q

Horse with ulcerative coronitis, hypoproteinemia, weight loss and anemia

108
Q

Mechanism of frothy bloat

A

Touch neuroreceptors at cardia

109
Q

Clostridium difficile in foals can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic?

A

Toxin A more important in pathogenesis and severity of disease; both nontoxigenic and toxigenic strains can be found

110
Q

Salmonella that is potentially zoonotic

A

S. newport

111
Q

Sites of replication of aphtovirus

A

Pharyngeal and digestive mucosa Alveolar epithelium of udder

112
Q

With respect to frothy bloat, therapy

A

polaxolene effective for tx and for prevention

113
Q

Site of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

114
Q

Which salmonella is host specific for cattle?

A

S. dublin, true carriers

115
Q

In which disease you can decrease the risk by the use of colostrum replacer?

A

Johne’s disease (MAP)

116
Q

What is internal vomiting?

A

Pyloric outflow failure causing reflux from the abomasun. ↑ ruminal Cl

117
Q

Best test for herd screening of BVDV

A

RT-PCR Pooled samples > Se than virus isolation

118
Q

Best test to detect PI in BVDV

A

Antigen detection in tissues IHC, ACE: can be done in young calves

119
Q

Neoricketssia risticii best for diagnosis

A

PCR blood, feces

120
Q

Measure to avoid infection of lambs with MCF

A

Separation of lambs from adults at 2 months produces OvHV-2 free sheep

121
Q

Most common cause of vagal indigestion

A

Reticuloperitonitis

122
Q

Diagnosis of cobalt deficieny

A

Vit B12 concentrations in blood/liver

123
Q

Difference of peritoneal fluid between DPJ and strangulation

A

DPJ: Yellow turbid (serosang), ↑↑PT 3.5, ↑WBC 11

Strangulation: Serosanguineous, ↑↑TP 4.5, ↑↑WBC 20-50

124
Q

When is the seasonal ocurrence of Potomac Horse Fever?

A

May- November

Peak occurrence July-August

125
Q

Best treatment for HBS in cattle

A

surgery and manual massage of bowel

126
Q

Type III gastric impaction

A

Phytobezoar secondary to Persimmon ingestion

127
Q

Diagnosis of cantharidin toxicity

A

Urine early in process about 500ml urine or 200g gastric content

  • Demonstration toxin via GC-MS
128
Q

Which inflammatory cytokines does Salmonella upregulate?

A

IL-1B

TNF-a

129
Q

Sucralfate interferes with absorption of other drugs, which group is parrticularly important?

A

Fluoroquinolones

130
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

Lipoteichoic acid TLR pathogen

131
Q

Reason for high vaccine failure for PHF

A

Different circulating strains

132
Q

Virulence factor for Bluetongue virus

A

VP2 caspid protein

133
Q

Calves with hx of melena, dying and thrombocytopenic

A

BVDV type 2

134
Q

Why is the vaccine for Potomac horse fever not 100% effective?

A

Multiple strains

135
Q

Predictors for lower survival in PHF

A
  • Electrolyte loss (Na and Cl)
  • Hemoconcentration
  • Prerenal azotemia
136
Q

Testing for cryptosporidium

A

*Fluorescein-labelled, monoclonal antibody → gold standard* • Flotation + stain (ZN) • Direct immunofluorescense

137
Q

Which breed of sheep is more commonly affected with BTV?

138
Q

What is the gold standard diagnosis for BVDV in acute cases?

A

Virus isolation Mononuclear cells in buffy coat → ideal sample for individual virus isolation in acute infection

139
Q

Which group of salmonella is more common in horses?

140
Q

Best indicator of chronic ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy herds

A

decrease butter fat in mill tank

141
Q

What change in diet can decrease the incidence of jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome

A

↑ long stem fiber in diet

142
Q

Cause of ovine white liver disease (enzootic marasmus)

A

Cobalt deficiency

143
Q

What is the eclipse phase in Johne’s disease?

A

Silent phase with no shedding and no clinical signs

144
Q

What is associated with mortality in equine coronavirus

A

Hyperammonemia?

145
Q

Cause of enzootic ataxia of sheep and goats, swayback

A

Copper deficiency, demyelinization

146
Q

What is the main factor for treatment failure with omeprazole in cases of EGUS?

A

Location of the ulcers

147
Q

Who first activate macrophages in MAP infection?

A

Macrophages activated by Th1 cytokines (IFN-g) are able to limit proliferation

148
Q

Target organs of BTV

A
  • Upper GI
  • Skin
  • Lungs
149
Q

How does Orf mediates vascular permeability?

A

encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor

150
Q

Causative agent of MCF?

A

OvHV-2

Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs

151
Q

OvHV-2 infects which type of cells?

A

Lymphocytes T –> CD8+ mostly

152
Q

Prevalence of BVDV in alpacas in the US?

A

25% of herds are seropositive

6% have PIs

153
Q

How to decrease incidence of C. perfringens type C enteritis in foals?

A

Feeding of smaller amounts of grain prepartum

Antitoxin to mares and foals

LAIM (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions