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LAIM > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of stalling in horses

A

Decrease fecal output

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2
Q

Which animal is the amplifying reservoir for blue tongue virus?

A

Cattle

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3
Q

I which cells do BTV replicates?

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Mononuclear phagocytic cells –> Macrophages
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4
Q

E.TEC toxin is a:

A

Heat ST toxin A

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5
Q

Downside of ELISA for antibody detection for PHF

A
  • Failure to seroconvert does not rule out infection
  • Frequent false +
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6
Q

Asymptomatic esophageal diverticula

A

Traction (true)

Dilation with broad neck

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7
Q

Effect of C. perfringens type A in neonatal calves

A

Ruminal and abomasal timpany, abomasitis, abomasal ulceration

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8
Q

Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, causative agent

A

C. perfringens Type A, a-toxin

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9
Q

Which are the 3 types of infection produced by BVDV

A
  1. Acute transient 2. Fetal infection 3. Persistent infected
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10
Q

Bilateral keratitis in cow, lymphadenopathy, after show

A

MCF

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11
Q

Source of infection in Lawsonia?

A

Not determined in horses

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12
Q

Clinical pathology findings in case of MEED

A

Anemia

Eosinophilia)

↑GGT

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13
Q

Duration of quarantine of equine coronavirus

A

? 21?

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14
Q

Pulpy kidney (overeating disease)

A

Cl Perfingens type D –> pronounced hyperglycemia (glucosuria) –> necropsy: vasculitis (excess pericardial and thoracic fluid), rapid autolysis kidney

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15
Q

Current standard for diagnosis of PHF

A

PCR in whole blood (DNA in leukocytes)

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16
Q

Parameters for poor short-term prognosis in cases of abomasal volvulus

A

Serum Cl <79mEq/L Base excess < -0.1 Anion gap >30mEq/L

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17
Q

Diarrhea in 5 month old cattle, just weaned

A

Coccidia

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18
Q

Secondary abomasal impaction

A

feeding of coarse roughage

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19
Q

Which serovar of BVDV produces PI animals

A

Non-cytopathic (NCP)

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20
Q

Type of BVDV causing severe acute and hemorrhagic disease

A

Type 2 NCP

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21
Q

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Fecal-oral transmission of encysted, sporulated oocysts → distal small and large intestine → villous atrophy

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22
Q

Prevention of acorn toxicosis

A

Calcium hydroxide (Hydrated lime)

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23
Q

Potomac horse fever, infection

A

Horse eats aquatic insects

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24
Q

Diagnosis for acorn toxicosis

A

Serum or urinary phenolic content (Hydrolyzed tannin: gallic acid)

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25
Q

Receptor for LPS?

A

TLR 4

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26
Q

White eye calf

A

BTV infection in cattle

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27
Q

When is the infection of cows with BVDV to induce PI calves?

A

Infection prior day 125 of gestation (80) ○ Immunotolerant ○ Principal reservoir

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28
Q

How to confirm a LDA?

A

pH <4.5 by percutaneous aspiration Ultrasound → position of pylorus

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29
Q

Prevention for pulpy kidney disease

A

Vaccinate twice before arrival to the feedlot Type D antitoxin Adjust diet

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30
Q

Diagnostic test for MCF in animals with clinical disease

A

PCR Serology better for asymptomatic and reservoirs

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31
Q

Causes of alkaline rumen

A

High protein or NPN in diet Urea toxicity Poor digestable roughage, simple indigestion

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32
Q

Clinical signs of Johne’s in alpaca and sheep

A

Chronic weight loss and anemia

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33
Q

Cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCF

A

Lymphocytes (T lymphocytes CD8+) Lymphoproliferative disease

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34
Q

Mare with suspected stomach ulcer, dx test at farm

A

Sucrose absorption test

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35
Q

Types of vagal indigestion

A
  1. Failure of omasal transport 2. Pyloric outflow failure
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36
Q

Neorickettsia risticii, transmission

A

trematode –snail

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37
Q

Crypto and salmonella pathogenesis

A

May be exacerbated by antibiotic therapy

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38
Q

Johne’s pathophysiology

A

M cells

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39
Q

Black disease necropsy

A

C. Novyi type B –> Engorgement of SQ vessels and variable amount of SQ edema and gelatinous exudate in fascial planes. Blood stained serous fluid in large amounts in pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.

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40
Q

Increase risk for salmonella

A

Antibiotic treatment and colic

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41
Q

Foal 21 days febrile, icteric mucous membranes and with high liver enzymes

A

Clostridium pilosum

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42
Q

Consistent necropsy finding in cases of DPJ

A

Serositis

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43
Q

Horse with lesion in skin, also chronic weight loss

A

MEED

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44
Q

Type of rotavirus in foals

A

Group A

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45
Q

Cause of abomasal ulcers in calves

A

Cu deficiency

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46
Q

Vector and intermediate host por N. risticii

A
  • Vector: Trematode
  • Intermediate host: aquatic insects, operculated snails
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47
Q

Main clinical pathoogy finding in lawsonia cases

A

Albumin → < 2 g/dl

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48
Q

Risk factor for pulpy kidney disease in sheep

A

Animals fed highly nutritious diet (grain-fed livestock)

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49
Q

Best diagnostic test for L. intracellularis

A

Combine both serology and fecal PCR

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50
Q

Best to diagnose PI in BVDV

A

IHC skin

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51
Q

Causative agent of yellow lamb disease

A

C. perfringens Type A

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52
Q

Abortions, oral lesions, ptyalism in sheep

A

Bluetongue?

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53
Q

Blood smear for Neorickettsia

A

Rarely find intracytoplasm granules in monocytes

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54
Q

Why are neonates predisposed to necrotic enteritis due to C. perfringens type C?

A

Trypsin inhibitors in colostrum Trypsin → proteolytic enzyme that can destroy beta-toxin

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55
Q

Treatment of choice for PHF

A

Oxytetracycline

Horses do not remain carriers of N. risticii

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56
Q

Papple abdominal contour, rumen chloride 60

A

Pyloric outflow obstruction

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57
Q

Cryptosporidium hominis?

A

Human

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58
Q

Ocular lesion in cattle with MCF

A

Uveitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity → centripetal

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59
Q

Causative agent of winter dysentery

A

Bovine coronavirus

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60
Q

Horse with peritonitis, response to penicillin. Most probable organism cultured?

A

Actinobacillus equuli: Gram neg rod (rapid response to atb pen/gent)

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61
Q

Necropsy diagnosis for L. intracellularis

A

Silver staining with Warthin Starry stain → bacilli in the apical zone of the crypt epithelial cells

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62
Q

Target cell of M. avium subs paratuberculosis

A

Macrophages Facultative intracellular bacteria

63
Q

Best test to detect animals in the eclipse phase of MAP

A

Intradermal Johnin test (Immune based) Blood, detects IFN-g Unreliable

64
Q

Causative agent of equine enterotoxemia

A

C. perfringens Type A

65
Q

Reservoirs for MCF

A

Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs

66
Q

Test with 90% Se on Johne’s disease in animal with clinical signs

A

ELISA Se: subclinical “low shedders” → 15% Clinical “heavy shedders” → 90%

67
Q

How can you produce a OvHV-2 free sheep

A

Separate lambs from adults ar 2 months of age

68
Q

Mule with clinical signs of dysautonomia, what diagnostic test would have to be performed

A

Intestinal biopsy (decrease of Cajal cells)

69
Q

VFA 80% E dairy cow

A

A: P : B –> 70:20:10 if high fiber diet and 60:30:10 if high starch diet

70
Q

Causative agent of lamb dysentery

A

C. perfringens Type B, b-toxin

71
Q

Options to diagnose MAP in cows with clinical signs

A

ELISA PCR (high PV)

72
Q

C. difficile toxins

A

A: Secretory and cytotoxic effects → Activates inflammatory cells → release proinflammatory cytokines and vasoactive mediators → Induction of substance P (neurotransmissor) ▪ Dependence on substance P for expression of pathologic effects B: Enterotoxygenic (secretory), and cytotoxic → unknown role in animals

73
Q

What is the best to prevent rotaviral diarrhea in edemic farms?

A

Vaccine for pregnant mares (3 doses: 8, 9 and 10 months gest)→ ↓clinical signs, mild form (not prevent)

74
Q

Secretory diarrhea in 14 day old calf

A

Rotavirus? Cryptosporidium?

75
Q

C. perfringens toxins

A

• Types → A and C ○ A → most frequent → enterotoxin Foals <10d (Type C: alpha and beta) Exotoxin Effect Alpha* Phospholipase Beta-2 Necrotizing cytotoxic Epsilon Iota Theta Hemolytic

76
Q

Best sample for diagnosis of Peste des Petit Ruminants in life goats

A

Lymph node biopsy after day 3

77
Q

Cow with sx of HBS relation

A

most common in high producing cows during first weeks of lactation

78
Q

Pathogenesis of PHF

A
  1. Ingestion of aquatic insect containing metacercariae or cercariae from environment
  2. Replicates in colon epithelial cells, tissue macrophages, mast cells and blood monocytes
79
Q

Prevention of phalaris staggers

A

Cobalt, but not effective as treatment

80
Q

Which bacteria is increased in cases of grain overload in ruminants?

A

Strep. bovis, ↑ lactic acid as end product

81
Q

Correlation of glucose with septic peritonitis

A

Serum-to-PF glucose conc difference > 50 g/dl → septic peritonitis

Glucose <30 mg/dL

82
Q

How does salmonella reaches the intestinal mucosa?

A

Through invasion of M cells (intestinal lymphoid tissue)

83
Q

Salmonella dublin

A

Eliminated in milk and colostrum and high risk of infection of calves

84
Q

Gold standard diagnosis of clostridial diarrhea

A

Cell cytotoxic assay*

Immunoassay: ELISA –> reliable and rapid

85
Q

Which cell salmonella uses for dissemination?

A

Macrophages

86
Q

Which are the sites of replication for Bluetongue virus?

A

endothelium and mononuclear phagocytic cells (macrophages)

87
Q

PG that is gastroprotectant

88
Q

Best test in camelids for MAP infection

A

Fecal PCR Serology not useful

89
Q

Which cells are target for N. risticii?

A
  1. Monocytes/Macrophages
  2. Colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells
  3. Colon mast cells
90
Q

Parasites in alpacas

A

See article

91
Q

How is the development of acute mucosal disease in BVDV?

A

PI is infected with a CP strain that is a mutation from the NCP (homologous)

92
Q

Localization of MAP in the intestine

A

M cells in the epithelium of the ileum and then overlies Peyer’s patches

93
Q

Sensitivity of salmonella fecal culture with 5 collections

94
Q

Site of infection of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

Proliferative crypt cells in the ileum → ↑ mitotic division → hyperplasia

95
Q

Foal 7 months, losing weight, ventral edema, hypoalbuminemia, fibrinogen high, leukocytosis. What do you expect to find in the biopsy or necropsy?

A

Proliferative enteritis

96
Q

Lawsonia causes

A

Increased mitosis in ileum crypt cells, Hyperplasia

97
Q

What is the effect of sucralfate in cases of esophagitis?

A

Uncertain efficacy since needs a low pH to attach to the ulcers

98
Q

Which drug can be used to enhance gastric emptying in foals with ulcerative duodenitis?

A

Bethanechol

99
Q

Sheep with firm mass in the low right abdomen, pear shaped

A

Emptying defect of Suffolk sheep

100
Q

Cause of dummy lamb syndrome

A

MLV vaccine for BTV to pregnant ewes

101
Q

What are the 4 syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals?

A

Subclinical, clinical, perforating, pyloric stricture

102
Q

Which disease can be prevented by use of a serum derived colostrum replacer?

103
Q

Lesion of lawsonia

A

Adenomatosis of the ileum (hyperplasia)

104
Q

TP/WBC in DPJ vs strangulation

A

DPJ: Disprop↑PT/normal WBC (no leukotactic stim)

Strangulation: WBC/TP >3

105
Q

Congenital cataracts in a calf

106
Q

XR, US caval syndrome related:

A

Chronic ruminal acidosis

107
Q

Horse with ulcerative coronitis, hypoproteinemia, weight loss and anemia

108
Q

Mechanism of frothy bloat

A

Touch neuroreceptors at cardia

109
Q

Clostridium difficile in foals can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic?

A

Toxin A more important in pathogenesis and severity of disease; both nontoxigenic and toxigenic strains can be found

110
Q

Salmonella that is potentially zoonotic

A

S. newport

111
Q

Sites of replication of aphtovirus

A

Pharyngeal and digestive mucosa Alveolar epithelium of udder

112
Q

With respect to frothy bloat, therapy

A

polaxolene effective for tx and for prevention

113
Q

Site of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

114
Q

Which salmonella is host specific for cattle?

A

S. dublin, true carriers

115
Q

In which disease you can decrease the risk by the use of colostrum replacer?

A

Johne’s disease (MAP)

116
Q

What is internal vomiting?

A

Pyloric outflow failure causing reflux from the abomasun. ↑ ruminal Cl

117
Q

Best test for herd screening of BVDV

A

RT-PCR Pooled samples > Se than virus isolation

118
Q

Best test to detect PI in BVDV

A

Antigen detection in tissues IHC, ACE: can be done in young calves

119
Q

Neoricketssia risticii best for diagnosis

A

PCR blood, feces

120
Q

Measure to avoid infection of lambs with MCF

A

Separation of lambs from adults at 2 months produces OvHV-2 free sheep

121
Q

Most common cause of vagal indigestion

A

Reticuloperitonitis

122
Q

Diagnosis of cobalt deficieny

A

Vit B12 concentrations in blood/liver

123
Q

Difference of peritoneal fluid between DPJ and strangulation

A

DPJ: Yellow turbid (serosang), ↑↑PT 3.5, ↑WBC 11

Strangulation: Serosanguineous, ↑↑TP 4.5, ↑↑WBC 20-50

124
Q

When is the seasonal ocurrence of Potomac Horse Fever?

A

May- November

Peak occurrence July-August

125
Q

Best treatment for HBS in cattle

A

surgery and manual massage of bowel

126
Q

Type III gastric impaction

A

Phytobezoar secondary to Persimmon ingestion

127
Q

Diagnosis of cantharidin toxicity

A

Urine early in process about 500ml urine or 200g gastric content

  • Demonstration toxin via GC-MS
128
Q

Which inflammatory cytokines does Salmonella upregulate?

A

IL-1B

TNF-a

129
Q

Sucralfate interferes with absorption of other drugs, which group is parrticularly important?

A

Fluoroquinolones

130
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

Lipoteichoic acid TLR pathogen

131
Q

Reason for high vaccine failure for PHF

A

Different circulating strains

132
Q

Virulence factor for Bluetongue virus

A

VP2 caspid protein

133
Q

Calves with hx of melena, dying and thrombocytopenic

A

BVDV type 2

134
Q

Why is the vaccine for Potomac horse fever not 100% effective?

A

Multiple strains

135
Q

Predictors for lower survival in PHF

A
  • Electrolyte loss (Na and Cl)
  • Hemoconcentration
  • Prerenal azotemia
136
Q

Testing for cryptosporidium

A

*Fluorescein-labelled, monoclonal antibody → gold standard* • Flotation + stain (ZN) • Direct immunofluorescense

137
Q

Which breed of sheep is more commonly affected with BTV?

138
Q

What is the gold standard diagnosis for BVDV in acute cases?

A

Virus isolation Mononuclear cells in buffy coat → ideal sample for individual virus isolation in acute infection

139
Q

Which group of salmonella is more common in horses?

140
Q

Best indicator of chronic ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy herds

A

decrease butter fat in mill tank

141
Q

What change in diet can decrease the incidence of jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome

A

↑ long stem fiber in diet

142
Q

Cause of ovine white liver disease (enzootic marasmus)

A

Cobalt deficiency

143
Q

What is the eclipse phase in Johne’s disease?

A

Silent phase with no shedding and no clinical signs

144
Q

What is associated with mortality in equine coronavirus

A

Hyperammonemia?

145
Q

Cause of enzootic ataxia of sheep and goats, swayback

A

Copper deficiency, demyelinization

146
Q

What is the main factor for treatment failure with omeprazole in cases of EGUS?

A

Location of the ulcers

147
Q

Who first activate macrophages in MAP infection?

A

Macrophages activated by Th1 cytokines (IFN-g) are able to limit proliferation

148
Q

Target organs of BTV

A
  • Upper GI
  • Skin
  • Lungs
149
Q

How does Orf mediates vascular permeability?

A

encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor

150
Q

Causative agent of MCF?

A

OvHV-2

Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs

151
Q

OvHV-2 infects which type of cells?

A

Lymphocytes T –> CD8+ mostly

152
Q

Prevalence of BVDV in alpacas in the US?

A

25% of herds are seropositive

6% have PIs

153
Q

How to decrease incidence of C. perfringens type C enteritis in foals?

A

Feeding of smaller amounts of grain prepartum

Antitoxin to mares and foals

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