Gastrointestinal Flashcards
1
Q
Effects of stalling in horses
A
Decrease fecal output
2
Q
Which animal is the amplifying reservoir for blue tongue virus?
A
Cattle
3
Q
I which cells do BTV replicates?
A
- Endothelial cells
- Mononuclear phagocytic cells –> Macrophages
4
Q
E.TEC toxin is a:
A
Heat ST toxin A
5
Q
Downside of ELISA for antibody detection for PHF
A
- Failure to seroconvert does not rule out infection
- Frequent false +
6
Q
Asymptomatic esophageal diverticula
A
Traction (true)
Dilation with broad neck
7
Q
Effect of C. perfringens type A in neonatal calves
A
Ruminal and abomasal timpany, abomasitis, abomasal ulceration
8
Q
Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, causative agent
A
C. perfringens Type A, a-toxin
9
Q
Which are the 3 types of infection produced by BVDV
A
- Acute transient 2. Fetal infection 3. Persistent infected
10
Q
Bilateral keratitis in cow, lymphadenopathy, after show
A
MCF
11
Q
Source of infection in Lawsonia?
A
Not determined in horses
12
Q
Clinical pathology findings in case of MEED
A
Anemia
Eosinophilia)
↑GGT
13
Q
Duration of quarantine of equine coronavirus
A
? 21?
14
Q
Pulpy kidney (overeating disease)
A
Cl Perfingens type D –> pronounced hyperglycemia (glucosuria) –> necropsy: vasculitis (excess pericardial and thoracic fluid), rapid autolysis kidney
15
Q
Current standard for diagnosis of PHF
A
PCR in whole blood (DNA in leukocytes)
16
Q
Parameters for poor short-term prognosis in cases of abomasal volvulus
A
Serum Cl <79mEq/L Base excess < -0.1 Anion gap >30mEq/L
17
Q
Diarrhea in 5 month old cattle, just weaned
A
Coccidia
18
Q
Secondary abomasal impaction
A
feeding of coarse roughage
19
Q
Which serovar of BVDV produces PI animals
A
Non-cytopathic (NCP)
20
Q
Type of BVDV causing severe acute and hemorrhagic disease
A
Type 2 NCP
21
Q
Life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum
A
Fecal-oral transmission of encysted, sporulated oocysts → distal small and large intestine → villous atrophy
22
Q
Prevention of acorn toxicosis
A
Calcium hydroxide (Hydrated lime)
23
Q
Potomac horse fever, infection
A
Horse eats aquatic insects
24
Q
Diagnosis for acorn toxicosis
A
Serum or urinary phenolic content (Hydrolyzed tannin: gallic acid)
25
Receptor for LPS?
TLR 4
26
White eye calf
BTV infection in cattle
27
When is the infection of cows with BVDV to induce PI calves?
Infection prior day 125 of gestation (80) ○ Immunotolerant ○ Principal reservoir
28
How to confirm a LDA?
pH \<4.5 by percutaneous aspiration Ultrasound → position of pylorus
29
Prevention for pulpy kidney disease
Vaccinate twice before arrival to the feedlot Type D antitoxin Adjust diet
30
Diagnostic test for MCF in animals with clinical disease
PCR Serology better for asymptomatic and reservoirs
31
Causes of alkaline rumen
High protein or NPN in diet Urea toxicity Poor digestable roughage, simple indigestion
32
Clinical signs of Johne's in alpaca and sheep
Chronic weight loss and anemia
33
Cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCF
Lymphocytes (T lymphocytes CD8+) Lymphoproliferative disease
34
Mare with suspected stomach ulcer, dx test at farm
Sucrose absorption test
35
Types of vagal indigestion
1. Failure of omasal transport 2. Pyloric outflow failure
36
Neorickettsia risticii, transmission
trematode –snail
37
Crypto and salmonella pathogenesis
May be exacerbated by antibiotic therapy
38
Johne’s pathophysiology
M cells
39
Black disease necropsy
C. Novyi type B --\> Engorgement of SQ vessels and variable amount of SQ edema and gelatinous exudate in fascial planes. Blood stained serous fluid in large amounts in pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.
40
Increase risk for salmonella
Antibiotic treatment and colic
41
Foal 21 days febrile, icteric mucous membranes and with high liver enzymes
Clostridium pilosum
42
Consistent necropsy finding in cases of DPJ
Serositis
43
Horse with lesion in skin, also chronic weight loss
MEED
44
Type of rotavirus in foals
Group A
45
Cause of abomasal ulcers in calves
Cu deficiency
46
Vector and intermediate host por N. risticii
* Vector: Trematode
* Intermediate host: aquatic insects, operculated snails
47
Main clinical pathoogy finding in lawsonia cases
Albumin → \< 2 g/dl
48
Risk factor for pulpy kidney disease in sheep
Animals fed highly nutritious diet (grain-fed livestock)
49
Best diagnostic test for L. intracellularis
Combine both serology and fecal PCR
50
Best to diagnose PI in BVDV
IHC skin
51
Causative agent of yellow lamb disease
C. perfringens Type A
52
Abortions, oral lesions, ptyalism in sheep
Bluetongue?
53
Blood smear for Neorickettsia
Rarely find intracytoplasm granules in monocytes
54
Why are neonates predisposed to necrotic enteritis due to C. perfringens type C?
Trypsin inhibitors in colostrum Trypsin → proteolytic enzyme that can destroy beta-toxin
55
Treatment of choice for PHF
Oxytetracycline
Horses do not remain carriers of N. risticii
56
Papple abdominal contour, rumen chloride 60
Pyloric outflow obstruction
57
Cryptosporidium hominis?
Human
58
Ocular lesion in cattle with MCF
Uveitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity → centripetal
59
Causative agent of winter dysentery
Bovine coronavirus
60
Horse with peritonitis, response to penicillin. Most probable organism cultured?
Actinobacillus equuli: Gram neg rod (rapid response to atb pen/gent)
61
Necropsy diagnosis for L. intracellularis
Silver staining with Warthin Starry stain → bacilli in the apical zone of the crypt epithelial cells
62
Target cell of M. avium subs paratuberculosis
Macrophages Facultative intracellular bacteria
63
Best test to detect animals in the eclipse phase of MAP
Intradermal Johnin test (Immune based) Blood, detects IFN-g Unreliable
64
Causative agent of equine enterotoxemia
C. perfringens Type A
65
Reservoirs for MCF
Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs
66
Test with 90% Se on Johne’s disease in animal with clinical signs
ELISA Se: subclinical "low shedders" → 15% Clinical "heavy shedders" → 90%
67
How can you produce a OvHV-2 free sheep
Separate lambs from adults ar 2 months of age
68
Mule with clinical signs of dysautonomia, what diagnostic test would have to be performed
Intestinal biopsy (decrease of Cajal cells)
69
VFA 80% E dairy cow
A: P : B --\> 70:20:10 if high fiber diet and 60:30:10 if high starch diet
70
Causative agent of lamb dysentery
C. perfringens Type B, b-toxin
71
Options to diagnose MAP in cows with clinical signs
ELISA PCR (high PV)
72
C. difficile toxins
A: Secretory and cytotoxic effects → Activates inflammatory cells → release proinflammatory cytokines and vasoactive mediators → Induction of substance P (neurotransmissor) ▪ Dependence on substance P for expression of pathologic effects B: Enterotoxygenic (secretory), and cytotoxic → unknown role in animals
73
What is the best to prevent rotaviral diarrhea in edemic farms?
Vaccine for pregnant mares (3 doses: 8, 9 and 10 months gest)→ ↓clinical signs, mild form (not prevent)
74
Secretory diarrhea in 14 day old calf
Rotavirus? Cryptosporidium?
75
C. perfringens toxins
• Types → A and C ○ A → most frequent → enterotoxin Foals \<10d (Type C: alpha and beta) Exotoxin Effect Alpha\* Phospholipase Beta-2 Necrotizing cytotoxic Epsilon Iota Theta Hemolytic
76
Best sample for diagnosis of Peste des Petit Ruminants in life goats
Lymph node biopsy after day 3
77
Cow with sx of HBS relation
most common in high producing cows during first weeks of lactation
78
Pathogenesis of PHF
1. Ingestion of aquatic insect containing metacercariae or cercariae from environment
2. Replicates in colon epithelial cells, tissue macrophages, mast cells and blood monocytes
79
Prevention of phalaris staggers
Cobalt, but not effective as treatment
80
Which bacteria is increased in cases of grain overload in ruminants?
Strep. bovis, ↑ lactic acid as end product
81
Correlation of glucose with septic peritonitis
Serum-to-PF glucose conc difference \> 50 g/dl → septic peritonitis
Glucose \<30 mg/dL
82
How does salmonella reaches the intestinal mucosa?
Through invasion of M cells (intestinal lymphoid tissue)
83
Salmonella dublin
Eliminated in milk and colostrum and high risk of infection of calves
84
Gold standard diagnosis of clostridial diarrhea
Cell cytotoxic assay\*
Immunoassay: ELISA --\> reliable and rapid
85
Which cell salmonella uses for dissemination?
Macrophages
86
Which are the sites of replication for Bluetongue virus?
endothelium and mononuclear phagocytic cells (macrophages)
87
PG that is gastroprotectant
PGE
88
Best test in camelids for MAP infection
Fecal PCR Serology not useful
89
Which cells are target for N. risticii?
1. Monocytes/Macrophages
2. Colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells
3. Colon mast cells
90
Parasites in alpacas
See article
91
How is the development of acute mucosal disease in BVDV?
PI is infected with a CP strain that is a mutation from the NCP (homologous)
92
Localization of MAP in the intestine
M cells in the epithelium of the ileum and then overlies Peyer's patches
93
Sensitivity of salmonella fecal culture with 5 collections
97%
94
Site of infection of Lawsonia intracellularis
Proliferative crypt cells in the ileum → ↑ mitotic division → hyperplasia
95
Foal 7 months, losing weight, ventral edema, hypoalbuminemia, fibrinogen high, leukocytosis. What do you expect to find in the biopsy or necropsy?
Proliferative enteritis
96
Lawsonia causes
Increased mitosis in ileum crypt cells, Hyperplasia
97
What is the effect of sucralfate in cases of esophagitis?
Uncertain efficacy since needs a low pH to attach to the ulcers
98
Which drug can be used to enhance gastric emptying in foals with ulcerative duodenitis?
Bethanechol
99
Sheep with firm mass in the low right abdomen, pear shaped
Emptying defect of Suffolk sheep
100
Cause of dummy lamb syndrome
MLV vaccine for BTV to pregnant ewes
101
What are the 4 syndromes of gastric ulceration in foals?
Subclinical, clinical, perforating, pyloric stricture
102
Which disease can be prevented by use of a serum derived colostrum replacer?
MAP
103
Lesion of lawsonia
Adenomatosis of the ileum (hyperplasia)
104
TP/WBC in DPJ vs strangulation
**DPJ:** Disprop↑PT/normal WBC (no leukotactic stim)
**Strangulation:** WBC/TP \>3
105
Congenital cataracts in a calf
BVDV?
106
XR, US caval syndrome related:
Chronic ruminal acidosis
107
Horse with ulcerative coronitis, hypoproteinemia, weight loss and anemia
MEED
108
Mechanism of frothy bloat
Touch neuroreceptors at cardia
109
Clostridium difficile in foals can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic?
Toxin A more important in pathogenesis and severity of disease; both nontoxigenic and toxigenic strains can be found
110
Salmonella that is potentially zoonotic
S. newport
111
Sites of replication of aphtovirus
Pharyngeal and digestive mucosa Alveolar epithelium of udder
112
With respect to frothy bloat, therapy
polaxolene effective for tx and for prevention
113
Site of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
?
114
Which salmonella is host specific for cattle?
S. dublin, true carriers
115
In which disease you can decrease the risk by the use of colostrum replacer?
Johne's disease (MAP)
116
What is internal vomiting?
Pyloric outflow failure causing reflux from the abomasun. ↑ ruminal Cl
117
Best test for herd screening of BVDV
RT-PCR Pooled samples \> Se than virus isolation
118
Best test to detect PI in BVDV
Antigen detection in tissues IHC, ACE: can be done in young calves
119
Neoricketssia risticii best for diagnosis
PCR blood, feces
120
Measure to avoid infection of lambs with MCF
Separation of lambs from adults at 2 months produces OvHV-2 free sheep
121
Most common cause of vagal indigestion
Reticuloperitonitis
122
Diagnosis of cobalt deficieny
Vit B12 concentrations in blood/liver
123
Difference of peritoneal fluid between DPJ and strangulation
DPJ: Yellow turbid (serosang), ↑↑PT 3.5, ↑WBC 11
Strangulation: Serosanguineous, ↑↑TP 4.5, ↑↑WBC 20-50
124
When is the seasonal ocurrence of Potomac Horse Fever?
May- November
Peak occurrence July-August
125
Best treatment for HBS in cattle
surgery and manual massage of bowel
126
Type III gastric impaction
Phytobezoar secondary to Persimmon ingestion
127
Diagnosis of cantharidin toxicity
Urine early in process about 500ml urine or 200g gastric content
* Demonstration toxin via GC-MS
128
Which inflammatory cytokines does Salmonella upregulate?
IL-1B
TNF-a
129
Sucralfate interferes with absorption of other drugs, which group is parrticularly important?
Fluoroquinolones
130
What is a PAMP?
Lipoteichoic acid TLR pathogen
131
Reason for high vaccine failure for PHF
Different circulating strains
132
Virulence factor for Bluetongue virus
VP2 caspid protein
133
Calves with hx of melena, dying and thrombocytopenic
BVDV type 2
134
Why is the vaccine for Potomac horse fever not 100% effective?
Multiple strains
135
Predictors for lower survival in PHF
* Electrolyte loss (Na and Cl)
* Hemoconcentration
* Prerenal azotemia
136
Testing for cryptosporidium
\*Fluorescein-labelled, monoclonal antibody → gold standard\* • Flotation + stain (ZN) • Direct immunofluorescense
137
Which breed of sheep is more commonly affected with BTV?
Merino
138
What is the gold standard diagnosis for BVDV in acute cases?
Virus isolation Mononuclear cells in buffy coat → ideal sample for individual virus isolation in acute infection
139
Which group of salmonella is more common in horses?
Group B
140
Best indicator of chronic ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy herds
decrease butter fat in mill tank
141
What change in diet can decrease the incidence of jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome
↑ long stem fiber in diet
142
Cause of ovine white liver disease (enzootic marasmus)
Cobalt deficiency
143
What is the eclipse phase in Johne's disease?
Silent phase with no shedding and no clinical signs
144
What is associated with mortality in equine coronavirus
Hyperammonemia?
145
Cause of enzootic ataxia of sheep and goats, swayback
Copper deficiency, demyelinization
146
What is the main factor for treatment failure with omeprazole in cases of EGUS?
Location of the ulcers
147
Who first activate macrophages in MAP infection?
Macrophages activated by Th1 cytokines (IFN-g) are able to limit proliferation
148
Target organs of BTV
* Upper GI
* Skin
* Lungs
149
How does Orf mediates vascular permeability?
encodes prot-like mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor
150
Causative agent of MCF?
OvHV-2
Domestic and wild sheep and goats are asymptomatic reservoirs
151
OvHV-2 infects which type of cells?
Lymphocytes T --\> CD8+ mostly
152
Prevalence of BVDV in alpacas in the US?
25% of herds are seropositive
6% have PIs
153
How to decrease incidence of C. perfringens type C enteritis in foals?
Feeding of smaller amounts of grain prepartum
Antitoxin to mares and foals
154
