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LAIM > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Action of ACTH following binding in adrenal cortex

A

Adenyl cyclase

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2
Q

Indication to supplement iron

A

decreased percentage of bound transferrin

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3
Q

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Decrease in Ca, increase in P

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4
Q

Most Se and Sp test for diagnosis of subclinical ketosis

A

Blood beta-hydroxibutyrate (BHB)

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5
Q

8 year old mare with laminitis and infertility, choose test

A

Resting insulin

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6
Q

Cushing’s can predispose to what kind of pneumonia?

A

Aspergillus pneumonia?

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7
Q

Purpose of anionic diet in dry cows.

A

Compensated metabolic acidosis

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8
Q

Best test for herd monitoring of ketosis.

A

Acetoacetic acid in milk.

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9
Q

Foal with increased levels of T3 T4 at birth 10 time more than its mare

A

Normal don’t do anything

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10
Q

Mares exposed to high or low I2 diets may result in

A

Hypothyroidism

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11
Q

What is true with respect to PPID and alpha MSH?

A

alpha MSH-is influenced by season, seasonal variability

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12
Q

Best treatment for PPID

A

Dopaminergic agonist D2

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13
Q

Ponies prone to laminitis best dx in winter

A

Insulin 52 uU/L

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14
Q

Horse with Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia:

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

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15
Q

Problems in a herd with ketosis, DAs, drop milk production what is the best to measure in the prepartum?

A

NEFAs

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16
Q

Most common cause of hypophosphatemia in beef cows

A

Twins at end of gestation

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17
Q

Best to prevent pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants

A

Feed with base BCS and number of lambs

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18
Q

Horse with big head and Xr of teeth

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism and dx with FE of P in urine (high)

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19
Q

Beef cow treated with MgOH for long time and now recumbent. Treatment?

A

Calcium (metabolic alkalosis decrease iCa)

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20
Q

Cow treated with isoflupredone for various days

A

Hypokalemia

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21
Q

In which diet would be best to develop a DCAD ration to prevent hypocalcemia

A

Alfalfa hay to dry cows

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22
Q

Hypomagenesmia cattle with neurological sx associated with?

A

hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, normokalemia

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23
Q

Parenteral nutrition in horse with hyperlipemia

A

60% of energy of rest

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24
Q

Increase iCa and normal PTH

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

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25
Q

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Increase excretion of P

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26
Q

Horse with weight loss, lethargy, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia

A

Pseudohyperparathyroidism

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27
Q

Cow seizuring, most likely electrolyte abnormalities?

A

hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia

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28
Q

Horse that is obese, effect on adiposites?

A

Decrease adiponectin ©

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29
Q

In primary ketosis in goats, what is usually increased?

A

Increase in NEFAs

30
Q

Clinical signs of hypothyroidism

A

Lethargy, exercise intolerance, poor hair coat, weight gain

31
Q

Why horses with PPID cannot suppress cortisol release?

A

ACTH secretion from pars intermedia is not subject to glucocorticoid feedback

32
Q

What is the effect of pergolide mesylate?

A

Dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Downregulates POMC production

33
Q

Gene associated with EMS

A

Melanocortin-4 receptor Regulates feed intake, insulin sensitivity and adiposity

34
Q

Test to assess hepatic insulin clearance

A

C-peptide to insulin ratio

35
Q

Which receptor is impaired in IR horses?

A

GLUT-4

36
Q

Most important phenotypic marker for IR

A

Cresty neck Fat in that area has more IL-1b and IL-6

37
Q

Postpartum cow with hemoglobinuria. On evaluation you observe a low BCS and bad quality of pastures. You suspect nutritional deficiency. Which is your main differential diagnosis?

A

Hypophosphatemia —> reduction of osmotic resistance of RBCs But… study showed no relationship between hypophosphatemia and intravascular hemolysis

38
Q

What are the vasoregulatory effects of insulin

A

VD: PIK3 pathway –> NO VC: MAPK pathway –> endothelin 1

39
Q

Theories that link obesity with IR

A
  1. Downregulation insulin signaling pathways by adipokines and cytokines 2. Lipotoxicity in insulin-sensitive tissues
40
Q

Gold standard test for EMS

A

Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (quantitative and specific)

41
Q

What can you assess with the CGIT?

A

Amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas Clearance rates for insulin

42
Q

Which test is recommended for postprandial hyperinsulinemia?

A

Oral sugar test

43
Q

What is included in the NSCs?

A

WSC and starch

44
Q

Indications for pharmacologic intervention in cases of EMS

A
  1. 3-6 month therapy while management takes effect 2. Refractory cases
45
Q

What is the best diagnostic test for diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH ©

46
Q

Hormone that is considered the main secretagogue for ACTH in adult horses

A

AVP (arginine vasopressin, ADH)

47
Q

Main hormones produced at the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland

A

a-MSH, CLIP, b-LPH –> ACTH is precursor

Minimal production of ACTH

48
Q

What test will more accurately diagnose CIRCI (transient adrenal inssuficiency)

A

Low-dose ACTH stimulation test

(Only evaluates the adrenal component)

49
Q

Which tests are used to assess the HPA axis

A

Insulin tolerance test –> Gold standard

CRH stimulation test. Both ACTH and cortisol are measured

Also.. Metyrapone test

50
Q

Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

A

urinary cathecholamine level

51
Q

What is the most consistent laboratory finding in hypervitaminosis D?

A

Hyperphosphatemia

52
Q

Most probable cause of anhidrosis

A

Desensitization or down-regulation of b2-adrenoreceptors

Decreased expression of water channel aquaporin-5

53
Q

Laboratory findings in cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism ©

A
  • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Hypo/normocalcemia
  • ↑PTH
  • Hypocalciuria
  • Hyperphosphaturia
  • ↑ALP
54
Q

Risk factors for anhidrosis ©

A

Hot and humid climate

55
Q

Clinical signs of hypothyroidism in horses ©

A
  • Lethargy
  • Cold intolerance
  • Poor hair coat
  • Weight gain/obesity
  • Exercise intolerance
56
Q

Best treatment for EMS ©

A
  • Reduce NSC content of feed –> ideally < 10% of dry matter
  • Limit grass pasture
  • Obese horses: hay 1.5% of ideal BW (Not <1%)
  • Exercise
  • Medical: Levothyroxine sodium
57
Q

Horse presented for colic. On admission heart rate was increased and on abdominal ultrasound you suspect hemoperitoneum. The horse was diagnosed for PPID and has a thyroid adenoma. Which endocrine neoplasm could be implicated in the clinical signs observed?©

A

Pheochromocytoma

58
Q

Which test better reflects ketone blood levels?

A

Milk ketones –> ~50% of blood concentration

59
Q

Why hypocalcemia causes paresis in cows?

A

Less Ca in motor endplate –> less release Ach

60
Q

Why metabolic alkalosis worsens hypocalcemia?

A

Calcium will bind to albumin to decrease SID

61
Q

Which cows are more susceptible to milk fever?

A

>3rd lactation –> less PTH rcpts or vit D3

62
Q

Risks factors for milk fever in prepartum

A
  1. Metabolic alkalosis
  2. High Ca diet
  3. Low Mg diet
  4. High P in diet
63
Q

When would you start a DCAD

A

Last 3 weeks of gestation

64
Q

Optimal urine pH to prevent milk fever

A

Holsteins: 6.2-6.8

Jerseys: 5.8-6.3

<5.5 metabolic acidosis

65
Q

Beef cows in ryegrass are at risk of ______

A

Hypomagnesemia

Low in Mg and high in K and N

66
Q

Risk factors for hypomagnesemia

A
  1. Low Mg diet
  2. Low Na diet
  3. High K diet
  4. High rumen pH (>6.5)
67
Q

When is it better to assess Mg status in cows?

A

Within 12 hours of calving (> 2 mg/dL)

68
Q

Why is hypocalcemia a risk factor for hypophosphatemia?

A

Hypocalcemia stimulates PTH –> increase P excretion in saliva and renal

69
Q

Best diagnostic test in a down cow that appears to be alert and eating

A

Measure P, possible hypophosphatemia

“Alert downers”

70
Q

How would you treat hypophosphatemia in a dairy cow?

A

Correct hypocalcemia first (reduce PTH and recover GI motility)

71
Q

First calving heifer, down “S shape” neck and paradoxic aciduria.

Heifer was treated with isoflupredone (mineralocorticoid) and glucose precursors previously. What is your presumptive diagnosis?

A

Hypokalemia

72
Q
A

LAIM (20 decks)

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