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PHRM1012 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Main Function of GIT

A

Break down food and convert to suitable energy source

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2
Q

Liver

A
  • Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism

- Processing of many drugs

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3
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile produced by liver

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4
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin

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5
Q

Oral Thrush (Candidias) Symptoms

A
  • Creamy, white soft elevated patches that can be wiped off to reveal underlying erythematous mucosa
  • Pain
  • Altered taste
  • Burning tongue
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6
Q

Oral Thrush Cause

A
  • Candida albican fungus

- Overgrowth of fungus similar to a yeast infection

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7
Q

Oral Thrush Tx

A
  • Miconazole Oral Gel 2%
  • Nystatin Oral Drops
  • But also Refer to GP
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8
Q

Dyspepsia Symptoms

A
  • Recurrent pain in upper abdomen
  • Upper abdomina fullness
  • Bloating
  • Belching
  • Nausea and/or vomiting
  • Heartburn
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9
Q

Dispepsia Conditions

A
  • Functional dyspesia
  • GORD
  • Gastritis
  • Duodenal ulcer
  • Gastric ulcer
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10
Q

GORD Cause

A
  • lower oesophigeal sphincter incompetence from medicines or overeating
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11
Q

Gastritis Cause

A

Acid production from NSAIDs or alcohol

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12
Q

Gastric Ulcer Symptoms

A
  • Localised mid-epigastric pain
  • Constant gnawing pain
  • When stomach is empty
  • Worsened by caffeine and alcohol
  • Weight loss
  • GI bleeds
  • Regular NSAID use
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13
Q

Duodenal Ulcer Syptoms

A
  • Pain 2-3 hrs after eating

- Pain waking person at night

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14
Q

Dyspepsia Tx

A
  • Antacids
  • Alginates
  • H2 antagonists
  • Proton pump inhibitors
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15
Q

Dyspepsia Counselling

A
  • Low fat diet
  • Reduce alcohol intake
  • Reduce caffeine intake
  • Lose weight
  • Smoking cessation
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16
Q

Antacid Counselling points

A
  • Magnesium salts may cause diarrhoea

- Aluminium salts may cause constipation

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17
Q

Constipation Symptoms

A
  • Reduction in normal bowel habit accompanied
  • Difficult defaecation
  • Hard stools
  • Abdominal discomfort and bloating
18
Q

Constipation Cause

A
  • Increase in intestinal tract transit time of food which allows greater water resorption from the large intestine
  • Lack of fibre
  • Change in lifestyle, medication or environment
19
Q

Constipation Hx to Determine

A
  • Change of diet
  • Pain on defaecation (refer to GP)
  • Blood (refer to GP)
  • Duration (>14 days refer to GP)
  • Lifestyle Changes
  • remember constipation is a symptom not a condition
20
Q

Constipation Tx

A
  • Increase dietary fibre
  • Increase water consumption
  • Increase excercise
  • Laxatives if required
21
Q

Laxatives

A
  • Bulk-forming
  • Stimulants
  • Osmotic
  • Stool softeners
22
Q

Bulk Forming Laxatives

A
  • Ispaghula/Psyllium, Methylcellulose, Sterculia
  • Mimick increased fibre consumption to increase faecal mass
  • Encourage proliferation of clonic bacteria (bulks and softens stool)
23
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Bisacodyl, senna, glycerol

- Increase GI motility by stimulating colonic nerves

24
Q

Osmotic Laxatives

A
  • Lactulose, Macrogols

- Retains fluid in the bowel by osmosis

25
Q

Stool Softeners

A
  • Liquid Paraffin, Docusate

- Lubricates bowel wall and softens faecal mass

26
Q

Diarrhoea

A

NOT a disease, but symptom of underlying problem such as infection or GI disorder
- Frequent passage of watery stools

27
Q

Diarrhoea Classification

A

Acute: 14 days
Chronic: > 30 days

28
Q

Diarrhoea Aetiology

A

Viral: Rotavirus, Adenovirus

Bacterial: Campylobacter, Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella - refer

Protozoal: Cryptosporidium, Giardia - refer

29
Q

Diarrhoea Differential Diagnosis

A

PPT: Gastro II slide 7

30
Q

Diarrhoea Tx

A
  • Loperamide

- Diphenoxylate

31
Q

Diarrhoea Counselling

A
  • Eat bland diet
  • Keep hydrated
  • Encourage regular handwashing
32
Q

IBS Symptoms

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Aletered defaecation - constipation or diarrhoea
  • Bloating
  • Mucus in stools
  • Diarrhoea on wakening or shortly after meals
  • Consider IBS if it has been a problem for atleast 6 months
33
Q

IBS Tx

A
  • Antispasmodis for pain
  • Mebeverine 135mg
  • Hyoscine butylbromide
  • Fibre products or movicol for constipation
  • Loperamide for diarrhoea
34
Q

IBS Counselling

A
  • Increase fibre
  • Try to find trigger
  • Keep up fluids
  • Reccommend seeing a gastroenterologist and getting regular colonoscopies
35
Q

Haemorrhoids (Piles) Symptoms

A

Swollen and inflamed varicose veins found inside rectum and outside anus

  • Bleeding
  • Itching
  • Mucus discharge
  • Pain (dull ache, severe when passing stools)
36
Q

Haemorrhoids Cause

A
  • Repeated straining on toilet
  • Causes veins to become stretched and swollen and lose elasticity
  • Blood collects in these veins and engorges and balloons
37
Q

Haemorrhoids Tx

A
  • Increase fibre and water consumption
  • Bulk-forming laxatives
  • Anaesthetics (Cinchocaine)
  • Corticosteroids (Hydrocortisone)
  • Zinc oxide
38
Q

Threadworm (Pinworm) Symptoms

A
  • Itching worse at night

- Worms escaping anus or in stools

39
Q

Threadworm Transmission

A
  • Retro-infection
  • Inhalation
  • Autoinfection
40
Q

Threadworm Tx

A
  • Mebendazole
  • Pyrantel
  • Hygeine
41
Q

Threadworm Counselling

A
  • Treat all family members
  • Repeat treatment after 14 days
  • Clean linen and clothes

PHRM1012 (15 decks)

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