Fungi/Worms/Protozoa/Nematodes Flashcards
Histoplasmosis
“histo hides in mississippi macrophages and bat ridden caves while trying to be TB”
ohio river valley. Bird and bat droppings. CAVES
Mimic TB in that there can be calcified opacies on CXR
SYSTEMIC IN AIDS
Blastomyces
Blasto buds broadly. (same size as RBC)
East of Mississipi River and north east.
Systemic infection (immuno comp) or acute/chrnoic pulm (in healthy) can have granulomas
Coccidioidomycosis
“lots of C’s/O’s in name tells you lots of endospores in spherule” in lungs
Southwestern US: increased after earthquakes
Pneumonia and meningitis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Parapelgics need WHEELchairs (captain’s wheel histology)
“Paracoccidio parasials with captiain’s wheel all the way to latin america
Latin america
Candida Albicans
Oppurtunistic infection. Dimoprhic yeast: PSEUDOHYPAHEA AND BUDDING YEASTS at 20C and GERM TUBES AT 37C***** “CAN OF germ TUBES”
Superficial Candida: occurs with decreased TH1 cells (AIDS)
Systemic Candida: occurs with decreased/dysfunctional neutrophils.
Vulvovaginitis, rash, endocarditis (IV drug users).
Tx: Topical azole for vaginal; Fluconazole/Caspofungin for oral/esophageal.
Fluconazole, amphoteriicin B, or caspofungin for systemic.
Aspergillus
A-cute A-ngles for A-flatoxin A-spergillus ABPA
NEUTROPENIC PNTS (immunosupressed/comprimised)
Aflatoxins=Hepatocellular Carcinoma “Haspergilius”
ABPA: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillus (asthma and Cystic Fibrosis)–bronchectasis and eosinophilia*****
Lung cavitations after Tb
Asperigilloma: fungal ball in lungs
Cryptococcus Neoformans
BUDDING YEAST (NOT DIMORPHIC); “Cryptic in its capsule” “Cryp-toe with AIDS is Shit-toe”
hematogenous dissmentation via inhalation of pigeon droppings.
Sabouraud agar, india ink, mucicarmine.
Latex aggultination test=polysaccharide capsule.
Soap bubble lesion in brain
Pigeon Droppings
Mucor and Rhizopus
Mucormycosis: DKA and leukemic patients.
Proliferate in blood vessle walls (when excess Ketones and glucose).
Penetrate cribiform plate causing frontla lobe abscesses.
Black necrotic eschar on face.
Irregular BROAD (asperigilus is thin) nonspetate **hyphae branching at WIDE (right) angles. **DD w/ Aspergillus=acute angles
Tx: amphotericin B
Pneumocystis Jirovecii
Spherical Bodies with sharply outlined walls.
PCP–diffuse interstial pneumonia (diffuse bilateral CXR).
Methenamine Silver sain of lung tissue.
CAUSES OVERRPELICATION OF TYPE II PNEUMOS CAUSING SURFACTANT RICH EXUDAE WITH SILVER STAINING CYSTS
Sporothrix Schenckii
Sporotrichosis. Rose Gardneners Disease (“richard schenck as a gardner”) Draining lymphatics (ascneding lymphangitis).
Cigar shaped budding
Gallbladder/Biliary Tract disease and cholangiocarcinoma
Tx?
Clonorchis Sinenesis.
Undercooked fish = liver fluke
Praziquantel
Brain cysts and seizures (neurocysticercosis)
Tx?
Taenia Solium
Praziquantel
Hematuria, bladder cancer
Tx?
Schistosoma haematobium
Praziquantel
Liver (hydatid) cysts
Tx?
Echinoccus granulosus
Praziquantel
Microcytic Anemia
Tx?
Ancylostoma, Necator
Bendazole
Perianal Pruritus
Tx?
Enterobius
Bendazole
Portal HTN
Tx?
Schistosoma (spp: mansoni, japonicum)
Praziquantel
V B12 Def
Tx?
Diphyllobothrium Latum
Priziquantel
What does this bug cause?
Clonorchis Sinenesis.
Tx?
Pigmented gallstones (Gallbladder/Biliary Tract disease) and cholangiocarcinoma
Undercooked fish = liver fluke
Praziquantel
What does this bug cause?
Taenia Solium
Tx?
Brain cysts and seizures (neurocysticercosis)
HUGE worms. Undercooked pork/ingestion of eggs
Praziquantel
What does this bug cause?
Schistosoma haematobium
Tx?
Hematuria, squamous cell carcinoma of bladder (egyptian immigrant).
Snail, swimmers
Praziquantel
What does this bug cause?
Echinoccus granulosus
Liver (hydatid) cysts; “dog tapeworm”
can leak fluid resulting in an anaphylactic response
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Giant roundworm. Fecal Oral. Intestinal infections ot the point of obstruction from size of worm.
Leoffler’s Eosinophilic Pnemonitis*** (larve break thru into lungs)
What does this bug cause?
Ancylostoma, Necator
Tx?
Microcytic Anemia (hookworms—hook into instetines to suck blood)
Walking barefoot from Larvae in soil
Bendazoles
What does this bug cause?
Enterobius
Perianal Pruritus; Pinworm (3ps)
What does this bug cause?
Schistosoma (spp: mansoni, japonicum)
Portal HTN
What does this bug cause?
Diphyllobothrium Latum
V B12 Def
Giardia Lamblia
Bloating flatulence, foul smelling, fatty diarrhea.
Adheres to intestinal mucosa causing fat malabsoprtion.
Increased incidence with IgA def
Dx with trophyozoites in cyst/stool
Entamoeba histolytica
Bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, RUQ pain
‘anchovy paste’ exudate; flask shaped ulcer, chromatin spokes
Invades into submucosa (like shigella)
Cryptosporidium Parvum
Diarrhea in AIDS
INTRACELLULAR (“crypto” hides in cells).
NB: crytpococcus=fungi; cryptosporidium=protozoa
Toxoplasma Gondii
TX???
Ring enhancing lesion in HIV
Cysts in meat/oocysts in cat feces (P-lasma in P-ork)
“Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications”
PYRIMETHAMINE AND SULFAZINE***
Naegleria Fowleri
Rapidly fatal meningoencephaltis
Fresh water lakes–>up nose–>cribiform plate–>meninges
Nalgene=naegleria
Amoebas in spianl fluid
NB: NEGRI BODIES=RABBIES
Trypanosoma Brucei
African sleeping sickness: ENlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (from antigen variaiton)
“TSETSE FLY” (painful bite)
_T_setse fly for _T_rypanosoma
“Bruce the Tsetse fly likes to sleep”
Babesia
Fever+Hemolytic Anemia
Ixodes tick (co-infection can be wtih lymes, rickettsia, francisella)
Atovaquone + Azithromycin
Trapanosoma Cruzi
Chagas Disease (Megacolon, "mega"heart, megaesophagus")
Achalasia via destorying myenteric plexus=dyshpagia
Reduviid bug (“kissing bug”)
Leishmania Donovani
Visceral Leishmaniasis: Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly (extramedullary hematopoeisis?), pancytopenia
Sandfly (painful bite); macros containing amstigotes
Trichenella Spiralis
Undercooked pork.
Myositis and Periortibal edema.
What targets Fungal Cell Wall?
Caspofungin (cell wall is outside of cell membrane (Amphotericin B))
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Larvea in soil penetrate skin.
epigastric pain, vomitting nausea, diarrhea
Treatment for Nematodes (Roundworms)?
For Cestodes (Tapeworms)? Mechanism?
For Trematodes (Flukes)? Mechanism?
Bendazoles cuz roundworms are bendy
Praziquantel (increasing permiability of membrane to Ca2+)
Praziquantel
Oral infection of nematodes?
Skin infection of nematodes?
You’ll get sick if you EAT these (Enterobius, aschoris, trichonella)
These get in thru the SANd (strongoloidies, anchylstoma, necator)
Terbafine MOA?
Inhibits Squalene epoxidase
Yeast organisms at body temperature?
Histo, Blasto, and Cocciodes (they are molds (hyphae) in cold temps)
