Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tom > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-Lactams

A

Inhibits cell wall CROSSLINKING (synthesis): Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems

DOES THIS BY IRREVERSIBLY BINDING TRANSPEPIDASES (Penicillin Binding Proteins) PREVENTING CROSSLINKING

Restance occurs via beta-lactamases (degrades lactams) and by mutating Penicllin binding proteins so drugs no longer have affinity to PCPs

Vanco (glycopeptide) actually binds the D-ALA D-ALA parts of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Penicillin, Methicillin, Oxacillin

When do you use Naficillin?

A

D-ala-D-ala peptidoglycan side chain, inhibiting transpeptidase from forming crosslinks

Resistance develops vai lactamase expression. Counter with lactamase inhibitor

“Use Naf for staph” aures (not MRSA tho)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ampicillin kills?

A

“HELPSS” kill enterococci

H Flu, E coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Piperacillin

A

Combo with Tazobactam (b-lactamase)

Used specifically for Psuedomonas A.

Efficacy against G+, G-, and Anaerobes (psuedo is an aerobe than can also be a faculative anaerobe–grows very well in low/no O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clavulanic Acid

A

Beta Lactmase Inhibitor. Given with Beta lactams to increase their half lives as well to be used in bacteria expressing beta-lactamases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Monobactams

A

Beta-lactams that only have one ring. Less likely to act as haptens thus they are good to use in G- infections in ppl w/ Pencillin allergies.

Aztreonam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cephalosporins

Cef’s cover?

Cef’s don’t cover?

A

Beta Lactams: Prefix: Cefs;

Increased resistance to beta-lactamases

Cover (2nd gen): HEN PEcKS (H flu, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E coli, Kleb, Serratia)

Don’t Cover: “LAME” Listeria, Atypicals (chlamy, Mycoplasma), MRSA, Enterococci

Worsen Nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycocides

4th Generation best for Psuedomonas (Cefepime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carbapenems (Imipenem)

A

Beta-lactam, Big Gun used in ICUs

ALWAYS ADMINISTERED WITH Cilastatin**** (decreases renal tubular inactivation by inhibiting renal dehydropeptidase I)

Binds PBP’s like cillins.

Last Resort used for highly resistant organisms (klebseilla, serratia (red ring on toilet), enterobacter) because of GI/Seizure SEs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptides, G+: Inhibits elongation via D-ala D-ala binding.

Enterococci have resistance by switching to D-ala-D-lactose, which can be horizontally transfered to Staph Aur via VRE plasmid

“Glyco_P_eptide works like _P_enicillin”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bacitracin

A

Glycopeptide, G+, inhibits NAG-NAM tranpsort to outer wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhbitors

A
  • Aminoglycosides–Targets 30s portion of Ribosome
  • Tetracycline/Doxycycline–
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Macrolides
  • Lincosamides
  • Mupriocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Strepomycin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Neomycin (GANTS)

Anti-30s subunit of Ribo; post-antibiotic effect (activity persists beyond detectable amounts)

“Aminoglycosides=small protein sugars used to inhibit the smaller part of the ribo”

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE** (made worse by Cephalosporins)

“GANTS caNNOT kill anaerobes”

N-ephrotox, N-euromuscular blockade, O-totox, T-eratogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tetracycline/Doxycycline

A

Competes with tRNA for A site on 30s (“with tetracyclines the ribosome never has a chance to start cycling”–prevents initiation)

Active against G+/- and protozoa

Not for children dt deposition in teeth (grey) or bone (deformation)

“Vacum the bedroom” Vibrio, Acne, chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma, Tuleramia, H Pylori, Borrellia, Rickettsia”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Binds 50s inhibiting translocation of ribosome

Protein synth inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin, Azithromycin (Z-pak)

Binds 50s subunit inhibiting translocation “macrolides stop the ribo slide”

Risk of Prolonged QT**** (“z prolongs the qt”)

Erythro: also has GI/Liver (p450) issues

“MACRO”: Motility (GI) issues, Arrthymias (Qt), Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophillia

“Atypical PUS: Atyipical Pneumonia (myco and legionella), URI, STDs”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clindamycin

A

Protien synth inhibitor; binds to 23s portion of the 50s ribo subunit, causing premature tRNA dissociation

Lincosamide class: Used for skin and soft tissue infections: SE–>pseudomembranous colitis

“Clinda causes premature ejac” of the ribosome

ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS (aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, MRSA)

CAUSES C. DIFF INFECTION

17
Q

Mupirocin

A

Protein Synth Inhibitor

Blocking protein synth via Inhibits isoleucyl tRNA synthase

Used for S. Aureus skin infections

18
Q

Purine Synthesis Inhibitors

A
  • DHF reductase inhibitors
  • Suflonamides
19
Q

Trimethoprim

A

DHF Reductase Inhibitors (methotrexate also hits DHFR)

Synergizes: TMP-SMZ

“TMP” Treats Marrow Poorly (megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia)

20
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Analog of PABA blocking PABA–>Dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors (bacteria need to make folate since they cannot absorb it)

Synergizes: TMP-SMZ (Bactrim)

Hypersensitivity reactions, Hemolysis (G6PD def), nephrotox, photosensitivity, Kernicertus (thus dont use in Preggers), Stevens Johnson Syndrome

21
Q

Flouoroquinolones

A

-floxacins (cipro, gemi, levo)

inhbitis DNA topoisomerase II (DNA GYRASE) “cipro-circular-gyrase”

UTIs from pseudomonas; prophylaxis for anthrax

Associated with ruptured tendons (damages cartilage), tendonitis (particularly achilles tendon) “Fluoroquinolones hurt attachments to your bones”

22
Q

Metronidazole

A

Nitro group is released by bacterial metabolism and reacts with DNA

Flagyl, used for anaerobic bacteria nd protozoa

GET GAP on the Metro: Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomona, Gardnerella, Anaerobic bacteria, h Pylori

DISULFIRAM LIKE REACTION W/ ETOH

23
Q

Inhibitors of Cyp P450’s

A

“PICK EGS”

Protease Inhibitors, Isoniazid, Cimetidine/Cipro, Ketonacozle, Erythromycin, Grape Fruit Juice, Sulfonamides

Acute ETOH is inhibitor (Chronic is inducer)

24
Q

Inducers of Cyp P450’s

A

BCG PQRS

Barbiturates, Carbamazepine, Grisesofluvin, Phenytoin, Quinidine, Rifampin, St. Johns Wort

Chronic ETOH=Inudcer (acute is inhibitor)

25
Q

Daptomycin

A

Lipopeptide Antiobiotic. Disrupts bacterial cell membrane leading to loss of membrane potential. Also inhibits macromolecule synthesis

Good to use for very drug resistant bacteria.

Causes myopathy.

26
Q

Linezolid

A

Inhibits the 23s portion of the 50s ribosomal subunit.

“draws a line btwn the 50s and 30s subunits”

Can be used in MRSA VRE resistant infections

SEs: Optic Neuritis, and Thrombocytopenia; Weak MAO increasing risk for Serotonin syndrome

27
Q

Isoniazid

A

Decreases synth of mycolic acids.

Bacterial catalase-peroxidase needed to activate INH.

Competes with Pyridoxine (B6) causing:

1) Neurotoxicity (decreased NT/GABA synth)
2) Hepatotoxicity (needed for transaminase Rxns)

“INH=Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes”

“B6 is RIPES” for TB

28
Q

Rifampin

A

Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (“crab claw”)

Used for Tb and for menignococcal and H. Influ type B** prophylaxis

Minor Hepatotox and drug interactions (“AMPs P450”—Rifabutin does not), orange body fluids.

4R’s of Rifampin: 1) RNA poly inhibtior 2) Ramps up P450, 3) Red/Orange body fluids, 4) Rapid resistance if used alone.

29
Q

Pyrazinamide

SEs?

A

Hyperuricemia, hepatotoxicity

WORKS BEST AT LOW pH*** P-yrazinamide at low p-H (works intracellularly)

Increases Acidity of Macrophage phagolysosome increasing their killing.

“PyraziMIDE causes Tb to DIE INSIDE the macros”

30
Q

Ethambutol

A

Inhibits Arabinosyltransferase decreasing carb polymerization of Mycobacterium. (resistance via increased arabinosyltransferase translation)

SEs: Optic neuropathy (red-green blindness) requiring periodic testing.

Etham hurts Eyes***

31
Q

Vancomycin

A

Inhibits Cell wall peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala D-ala.

SEs: “NOT” trouble free: N-ephrotoxicity, O-totoxicity, T-hrombophlebitits.

RED MAN SYNDROME: release of antihistiamines causing rapid flushing when administered (treat by slowling infusion and giving antihistamine)

Restance: D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac

Given as IV cuz of poor absorption unless you want to target C diff (then give orally)

32
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Binds Ergosterol forming pores.
“Amphotericin tears holes in fungi, RBCs, heart, and kidneys”

Need to supplement AND MONITOR K and Na because of altered renal tubule permeability. Risk for arrthymia (again Na/K issue). Anemia

33
Q

Tx for Anaerobic bacteria?

A

Metronidazole and Clindamycin

Aminoglycosides cannot kill anaerobes

34
Q

As you increase in Cephalosporins what you do you do to the spectrum?

First gens good for which bacteria?

A

As you increase generation of cephalo’s you INCREASE G- coverage and DECREASE G+ coverage.

PEcK: Proteus, Ecoli, Kleb

Tom (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions