Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tom > Equations/Pharm/Biostat > Flashcards

Equations/Pharm/Biostat Flashcards

1
Q

Filtration Fraction?

A

GFR/RPF = Cr Clear/PAH Clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Drugs with zero order kinetics?

A

“PEAs shaped like zero” Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vd?

A

Vd= Amount of Drug Given/Concentration of Drug in Serum Nb: most of the time Vd will be given in L/Kg therefore you need to multiply by the mass of person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clearance?

A

Cl=0.7*Vd/half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Loading dose?

A

Loading Dose=Vd * Conc at steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Maintenance dose

A

Maintenance dose=Clearance * conc at steady state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hardy Weinberg: NB: Frequencies in an x-linked rec trait?

A

p+q=1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Males=q; females q^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cyp P450 Inhibitors and inducers?

A

PICCKEGS (cimetidine and cipro)

Protease Inhibitors, INH, Cimetindine AND CIPRO, Ketoconazole, Erythromycin, Grapefruit Juice, Sulfonamides

BCG PQRS (phenytoin/phenobartibtol is inducer)

-Barbiutes, Carbemezepine, Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, Quinidine, Rifampin, St John’s Wart, Crhonic ETOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Confidence interval formula?

A

CI=Mean+- Z*SEM (Z usually ~2 for 95%) SEM: STDEV/sqrt(sample size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Case Control vs Cohort?

A

Case control: Group based on disease and look at risk factors: ODDS RATIO

Cohort: Group based on risk factors and look at disease outcome: RELATIVE RISK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cross sectional Study?

A

Snap shot of population at a particular time. Tells you prevelance, cannot tell you incidence or causality (but can infer some risk factor association with it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clincal Trial phases?

A

1) Is it safe?
2) Does it work?
3) Is it better?
4) Survalience for unknown SEs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bias of a Meta-analysis?

A

Selection bias based on what studies the examiners decide to inclue/throw out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Screen test is good to have a high?

A

Sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

As frequency of disease change what variables change?

A

PPV and NPV.

Sens and spec do not as these characteristics are inherent to the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sens

Spec

PPV

NPV

A

Sens: TP/(TP+FN)

Spec: TN/(TN+FP)

PPV: TP/(TP+FP)

NPV: TN/(TN+FN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Calculating Incidence?

A

New cases/Population at risk during time period

NB: need to subtract out people with disease from denominator…its people without the disease but at risk to get disease NOT total population

18
Q

Odds ratio used in

A

Case-control studies

19
Q

Relative risk used in

A

Cohort studies

20
Q

What is used Case-control studies? What’s the formula?

A

Odds ratio (“start with disease”):

(a/c)/(b/d)

this also equals: ad/bc

Odds ratio approximates relative risk if the disease prevelance is not very high

21
Q

What is used in Cohort studies? Formula?

A

Relative risk (“start with risk factor”):

a/(a+b)

c/(c+d)

22
Q

Attributable risk?

Absolute risk reduction?

A

AR:

a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)

this is Relative risk but differnce btwn the two rather than ratio

ARR:

c/(c+d) - a/(a+b)

23
Q

NNT?

NNH?

A

1/ARR

1/AR

24
Q

1) Berkson Bias
2) Confounding Bias
3) Pygmalion Effect
4) Hawthorn Effect

A

1) Looking only at inpatients of hospitals
2) Third variable affecting disease/risk interaction: asbestos miners more likley to smoke (increases lung cancer rates)
3) Self fulfilling prophecy: Dr believes so much in therapy they unconciously bias outcome
4) Measurement bias where people who know they are being watched act differently: washing you hands more cuz you know your in a trial

25
Q

Positive Distribution vs Negative distribution in mean median and mode?

A

+: Peak is to the left: “ameoba creeping towards the positive end”

Mean > Median > Mode

-: Peak is to the left

Mode > Median > Mean

26
Q

Single most preventable cause of death in the US?

A

Smoking.

27
Q

Pathways that use cAMP?

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH, LH, ACH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH

and calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

28
Q

Endocrine pathways that use IP3

A

GOAT HAG

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histaimine, Angiotensin II, Gastrin

29
Q

Steroid Receptors?

A

VETTT CAP

Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testo, T3, T4

Cotrisol Aldo, P4

30
Q

Drugs with anticholinergic effects that aren’t anticholinergics per se?

A

H1 blockers, TCAs, Typical Neuroleptics.

Amantidine

31
Q

Gq GCPR subunit mechanism and ANS receptors using it?

A

“cue-tsie” Q–>Ca–>PLC–>PKC

HAVe 1 M&M

H1, A1, V1 (vasopressin), M1, and M3***

just gotta remember M3 (bladder, eyes, exocrine secretion)

32
Q

Gi subunit mechanism?

Receptors?

A

Gi inhibits AC which decreases cAMP

“MAD 2’s”

M2, alpha2, D2 (dopamine)

33
Q

1) Tyrosine Kinase Receptor? What binds it?
2) JAK STAT pathway?

A

1) “Growth Factors”

Insulin, IGF, FGF, PDGF, EGF

Think about tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors used to stop cancer cuz you want to stop the growth factor signal

2) Prolactin, Immunomodulators (Interleukins), Growth Hormone (NOT PDGF***), EPO

34
Q
  1. Epi?
  2. NE?
  3. Isoproterenol?
  4. DA?
  5. Dutamine?
  6. Phenyleprine?
  7. Alubterol?
A
  1. B>A (alpha wins at high doses, thus use for septic shock) EBA
  2. a1>a2>b1 Increases BP but decreases Renal Perfusion NAAB (dont use in septic shock cuz A1 agonism causes too much vasoconstriction which decreases CO)
  3. ONLY BETA IBB
  4. D1=D2>B>A DADBA
    1. Low doses: increased GFR and renal excretion (D1/D2) (good for renal’s!)
    2. High doses increase inotropy (B1) and vasoconstriction (A1)
  5. B1>B2, alpha thus Ionotrophic > Chronotropic DBBA (give in acute Heart failure)
    1. Stronger inotrope than chronotrope
  6. a1>a2 Vasconstriction PAA
  7. B2>B1
35
Q

Drugs used for:

Anphalyctic shock

Cardiogenic shock

Septic Shock

A

Epi

Dubatamine

NE

36
Q

Drug induced lupus:

Antibody?

Metabolism type? Why?

A

Anti-Histone Antibody

Acetylation—studies show slow acetylators are more likely to develop drug induced SLE, suggesting the parent drug is more likely to cause the reaction

37
Q

Receptor for:

Pupillary Dilation?

Uterine Relaxation?

Bladder Internal Urethral Contraction?

A

Alpha 1

Beta 2

Alpha 1

38
Q

ADPKD chromos?

ADPKD systemic issues and other manifestations?

A

1) PKD1 is 16

PKD2 is 4 (4^2=16)

2) Renal failure=uremia, HTN, anemia (no EPO) etc

“Cysts in Kidneys, Brain (berries), liver, and heart (papillary muscles=mitral valve prolaspe)”

39
Q

ARPKD

A

Infatile presentation.

If severe Potter’s Sequence.

Associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis.

Kids that survive have HTN, portal HTN and progressive renal insuf

40
Q

2 Common Lithium SEs?

A

1) Diabetes Insipidus
2) Hypothyroidism

41
Q

Which AChEI pass thru BBB which does not?

A

P-hysostigmine P-asses

N-eostigmine does N-ot

(nor does edrophonium)

Tom (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions