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Kaplan GIT > Fructose and Galactose Metabolism > Flashcards

Fructose and Galactose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Fructose provides what percentage of calories in Western diet

A

10%

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2
Q

Which sugar does not promote insulin secretion

A

Fructose

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3
Q

From what sources do we obtain free fructose

A

Honey, fruits and corn syrup

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4
Q

From which disaccharide do we obtain fructose

A

Sucrose

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5
Q

Where is fructose mainly absorbed

A

The liver

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6
Q

Apart from the liver, where else can fructose be absorbed

A

Liver and kidneys

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7
Q

Which enzyme breaks down sucrose

A

Sucrase

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8
Q

Which enzyme breaks down fructose

A

Fructokinase

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9
Q

Which enzyme breaks down fructose-1-P

A

Fructose-1-P Aldolase/ Aldolase B

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10
Q

What are the products produced after Fructose-1-P is broken down

A

DHAP and Glyceraldehyde

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11
Q

What enzyme breaks down Glyceraldehyde

A

Triokinase

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12
Q

Which 2 intermediates in fructose metabolism can go into Glycolysis, Glycogenesis or Gluconeogenesis

A

DHAP and Glyceraldehyde-3-P

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13
Q

Which 2 enzymes can break down fructose

A

Fructokinase and Hexokinase

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14
Q

Which enzyme required to break down fructose has the smaller Km

A

Fructokinase

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15
Q

At which steps is ATP utilized in fructose metabolism

A
  1. Conversion of Fructose to Fructose-1-P

2. Conversion of Glyceraldehyde to glyceraldehyde-3-P

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16
Q

Which metabolism is faster: Glucose or Fructose

A

Fructose

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17
Q

How can fructose metabolism lead to fatty acid synthesis

A

Increased fructose metabolic rate leads to increased glycolysis which results in increased pyruvate. Increased pyruvate leads to increased acetyl coA which would lead to increased fatty acid synthesis

18
Q

What is the Polyol pathway

A

The conversion of glucose to fructose

19
Q

Importance of the Polyol pathway

A

To make fructose to provide energy for spermatozoa

20
Q

Where in the body is the polyol pathway found

A

Liver, seminal vesicles, ovaries, sperm

21
Q

Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of glucose to sorbitol

A

Aldolase reductase

22
Q

Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of sorbitol to fructose

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

23
Q

Essential fructosuria results from a deficiency in which enzyme

A

Fructokinase

24
Q

Hereditary fructose intolerance results from a deficiency in which enzyme

A

Fructose -1- P aldolase/ Aldolase B

25
Q

What is seen in Hereditary fructose intolerance

A

Fructose in blood, trapped cellular phosphate results in decreased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, which leads to hypoglycemia. Can result in death.

26
Q

Two main fates of galactose

A

Glucose or glycolysis

27
Q

What molecules is the carrier for galactose

A

UDP

28
Q

Four molecules that UDP obtains galactose from

A

Lactose, keratan sulfate, glycolipids and glycoproteins

29
Q

Which enzyme breaks down galactose

A

Galactokinase

30
Q

Which enzyme breaks down galactose-1-P

A

galactose-1-P uridyl transferase

31
Q

Which enzyme breaks down glucose-1-P to glucose- 6-P

A

Phosphoglucomutase

32
Q

Which enzyme breaks down glucose-6-P to glucose

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

33
Q

UDP-Galactose changes to Glycogen (glycogenesis) by what enzyme

A

UDP-galactose epmerase

34
Q

Glactosemia occurs as a result of deficiency in which enzyme

A

Galactose-1-P uridyl transferase

35
Q

Cateracts an result from impaired galactose metabolism because of a deficiency in which enzyme

A

Galactokinase

36
Q

Which enzymes causes cateract forming because of a build up of galactose

A

Aldolase reductase

37
Q

In which glands is lactose synthesized

A

Lactating mammary glands

38
Q

Which enzyme is needed for lactose synthesis

A

Lactose synthase

39
Q

Which protein makes lactose synthase

A

alpha-lactalbumin

40
Q

Which hormone simulates synthesis of alpha lactalbumin

A

Prolactin

41
Q

In which cellular organelle does lactose synthesis occur

A

The Golgi

Kaplan GIT (15 decks)

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