From Gene to Protein

Question 1

Transcription vs. Translation

Answer 1

DNA -> RNA = Transcription

RNA -> Protein = Translation

Question 2

Transcription location

Answer 2

Euks: Nucleus
Proks: Cytosol

Question 3

Translation Location

Answer 3

Euks: Cytosol
Proks: Cytosol

Question 4

Reverse Transcriptase

Answer 4

RNA -> DNA = Reverse Transcription
Retrovirus way of infection.

Question 5

Ratio of Genes to RNA molecules

Answer 5

1 gene: 1 RNA molecule (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

Question 6

RNA synthesis needs?

Answer 6

Needs:
-template strand (1 only)
-Nucleotides (UTP, ATP, CTP, GTP)
-RNA Pol II (Acts as helicase as well)
-Topoisomerase
-ssDNA binding protein
-Promoter (includes TATA box)
-

Question 7

3 types of RNA

Answer 7

1. mRNA - dictates A.A. sequence, ‘protein recipe or blueprint’
2. tRNA - transfers A.A. to ribosome for assembly
3. rRNA - combines w/ proteins to make ribosome, “workbench” for translation. Transcribed in Nucleus.

Question 8

Ends of eukaryote strand

Answer 8

5’ cap: A modified (methylated) guanine after transcription of the first 20-40 nucleotides have been transcribed.

Poly-A tail @ 3’ end: 50-250 more adenine nucleotides.

Question 9

Introns and Exons

Answer 9

Introns stay in the nucleus (leave the RNA). Intervening sequences, cut out & removed.

Exons exit nucleus (stay in mRNA transcript), spliced together.

Question 10

Codon

Answer 10

3 nucleotide sequence. Used for stopping, coding proteins, and starting

Question 11

Anticodon

Answer 11

On tRNA, responses to mRNA in the _____(?).

Question 12

How do tRNA get their amino acids?

Answer 12

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 13

Transcription Factors

Answer 13

Proteins that control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA by binding to specific DNA sequences called enhancers or silencers

Question 14

RNA Pol II

Answer 14

An enzyme that pried the 2 strands of DNA apart. Joins together RNA nucleotide complementary to a DNA strand. Doesn’t need a helicase. Also do not need a primer, unlike DNA polymerase.

Question 15

Ribosomes in RNA and protein production

Answer 15

2 pieces, small and large. small attaches first, has 3 sites, Aminoacyl, Peptidyl and exit. The large piece attaches next, also has 3 sites for tRNA to attach to. Contains peptidyl transferace, (an aminoacyl transferace).

Question 16

Ribosome site names

Answer 16

E - Exit site
P - Peptidyl
A - Aminoacyl

Order goes A -> P -> E

Question 17

polyadenylation signal

Answer 17

AAUAAA. In eukaryotes, RNA pol II transcribes a sequence on the DNA called the polyadenylation signal. Called a signal because once this stretch of six RNA nucleotides appears, it is immediately bound by certain proteins in the nucleus. Then, at a point about 10-35 nucleotides downstream from the polyadenylation signal, these proteins cut the RNA transcript free from the polymerase.

Question 18

Starting codon

Answer 18

AUG, Methianine

Question 19

Ending codons

Answer 19

UAA
UAG
UGA
(Almost universal)

Question 20

Downstream

Answer 20

Toward DNA Pol II

Question 21

UTR purpose

Answer 21

Regulation. Untranslated Region

Question 22

Ribozyme

Answer 22

An RNA molecules that acts as an enzyme, only one per ribosome. i.e. peptidyl transferace.

Question 23

Peptidyl Transferace

Answer 23

An aminoacyl transferace that serves as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome. Breaks covalent bonds of amino acids to tRNAs. (double check me on that).

Question 24

Point mutation

Answer 24

Mutation involving 1 nucleotide

Question 25

Missense Mutation

Answer 25

Change one amino acid to another. Can still be a silent mutation.

Question 26

Nucleotide-pair substitution

Answer 26

Replacing one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

Question 27

Silent mutation

Answer 27

When the mutation has no observable effect on the phenotype.

Question 28

Insertion and Deletion mutations

Answer 28

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene.

Question 29

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 29

Whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted are not multiples of three.

Question 30

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

Answer 30

An enzyme that joins amino acids to the appropiate tRNA.

Question 31

Releasing Factor

Answer 31

Bonds to stopping codon

Question 32

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 32

Mutations causes an early stop codon. Terminating early. Substitution only.

Question 33

Transcription Initiation Complex

Answer 33

RNA pol II + Transcription factors bound to promoter