Chapter 12

Question 1

Cell Division (Mitosis) Results in:

Answer 1

Clones. Daughter cells that are exact copies of the parent cell.

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

A cell’s DNA, it’s genetic information. Although a prokaryotic genome is often a single DNA molecule, eukaryotic genomes usually consist of a number of DNA molecules.

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

A mass of DNA + proteins, the spaghetti form.

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

The compact form of DNA that everyone knows, the udon of DNA.

Question 5

Centromere

Answer 5

Center of sister chromatids.

Question 6

Sister chromatids

Answer 6

Two chromatids bonded together via cohesins and a centromere.

Question 7

Gametes

Answer 7

haploid (n chromosomes, 23 in humans), reproductive cells.

Question 8

Somatic cells

Answer 8

Diploid (2 set of 23 chromosome, 46 total). Non sex cells.

Question 9

Mitosis

Answer 9

5 part sequence that results in the division of the genetic material in the nucleus, is usually followed immediately by cytokinesis (usually considered a part of telophase, the last phase of mitosis).

Question 10

Cytokinesis

Answer 10

The division of the cytoplasm. Differs from plant and animal cells. Plant cell wall forms between the two separated chromosomes.

Question 11

Cell Division Cycle

Answer 11

Alternating M phase with interphase

Question 12

Stages of Interphase

Answer 12

G1->S->G2 phase. G originally stood for Gap, since people didn’t know stuff was going on. Was later changed to Growth.

During S phase, everything is duplicated.

Question 13

Stages of Mitosis

Answer 13

1. Prophase
2. Pro-Metaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
   5.1 Cytokinesis

Question 14

Prophase

Answer 14

-Chromosomes (as Chromatin) become condensed.
-Spindle appears between the 2 centrosomes
-Nucleolus goes away
-Centrosomes moves to poles

Question 15

Pro-metaphase

Answer 15

Nuclear envelope fragments. Chromosomes begin lining up on the metaphase plate.

Question 16

Metaphase

Answer 16

Lining up of chromosomes on the Metaphase plate. Very fast.

Question 17

Anaphase

Answer 17

Pulling apart of chromosomes. Spindle fibers attach to kinetichores. 92 chromosomes briefly.

Question 18

Telophase

Answer 18

Undoes Pro and Pro-metaphase. -Cytokinesis: Microfilaments (actin filaments) pull in cell forming cleavage. Eventually splits cell in 2

Question 19

Spindle

Answer 19

Includes the centrosomes, the spindle microtubules, and the asters.

Question 20

Aster

Answer 20

A bunch of short microtubules that extend from the centrosomes.

Question 21

Binary Fission

Answer 21

Cells grow to roughly double their size and then split. Asexual reproduction of some single-celled eukaryotes and all prokaryotes. Involved Mitosis for eukaryotic cells, but not for prokaryotic cells.

Question 22

Cleavage

Answer 22

The process in which cytokinesis occurs.

Question 23

Cleavage furrow

Answer 23

A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein myosin.

Question 24

Cell plate

Answer 24

No cleavage furrow, instead, during telophase, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell, where they coalesce, producing a CELL PLATE. Cell wall material carried in the vesicles collect inside the cell plate as it grows. New cell wall arising from the cell plate forms between the daughter cells.

Question 25

Checkpoints for Mitosis

Answer 25

End of G1, End of G2, middle of M phase, at the end of metaphase.

Question 26

When do sister chromatids form?

Answer 26

S phase of Interphase. Condense into famous form during prophase.