Chapter 5

Question 1

Proteins

Answer 1

50% dry mass of cell. Monomer: Amino acid ; Bond: Polypeptides

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Both sugars and polymers of sugars. Monomer: Monosaccharides (3-7 Carbons). Bond via glycosidic linkage/bond. CH2O. Form Polysaccharides (few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides).

Question 3

Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)

Answer 3

Gene Expression. DNA->RNA->Protein synthesis. Monomers: Nucleotides. bond via peptide bond/linkage

Question 4

Lipids

Answer 4

Hydrophobic Molecule. Consists of C, H & O. Ester linkage between glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 5

Polymers

Answer 5

Made of many Monomers. i.e. Proteins, Carbohydrates and Nucleic acid. Not lipids.

Question 6

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 6

Loss of an H2O to form a bond. Requires Energy

Question 7

Hydrolosis

Answer 7

Adding a water to break down a polymer.

Question 8

Carbohydrates Uses

Answer 8

Fuel and building material

Question 9

Carbonyl

Answer 9

–C=O

Question 10

Aldehyde

Answer 10

Carbonyl is at the end.

Question 11

Ketone

Answer 11

Carbonyl is in the middle of a carbon chain

Question 12

Pentoses (5C)

Answer 12

Ribose (Backbone of RNA) ; Deoxyribose (Backbone of DNA)

Question 13

Hexoses (6C)

Answer 13

Glucose ; Galactose (milk) ; Fructose (fruit)

Question 14

Disaccharide

Answer 14

Sucrose (sugar cane/beats) ; Maltose (grain) ; Lactose (milk)

Question 15

Polysaccharides

Answer 15

Starch ; Cellulose ; Glycogen ; Chitin

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

Includes sterols (steroids), fats, waxes and phospholipids. Low oxygen = low polarization = hydrophobic

Question 17

Sucrose

Answer 17

Glucose + Fructose. In sugar cane/beats.

Question 18

Maltose

Answer 18

Glucose + Glucose. In grain.
Beta linkage

Question 19

Lactose

Answer 19

Glucose + Galactose. In milk.

Question 20

Ester Linkage

Answer 20

Bond between Fatty acids and glycerol. Only for fats and phospholipids. C-O-C=O (last oxygen up).

Question 21

Fat Molecule Names

Answer 21

Triglyceride. Triacylglycerol. (acyl = fatty acid)

Question 22

Saturated Fats

Answer 22

No double bonds, maximum number of hydrogens.

Question 23

Unsaturated fats

Answer 23

At least one double bond. Usually liquid at room temp.

Question 24

Functional Groups in monomers

Answer 24

Amino Acid has an amine and a carboxyl. Fatty acid has a carboxyl and a methyl.

Question 25

Proteins 8 uses

Answer 25

Hormonal, Contractile/Motor, Receptor, Structure, Enzymes, Storage, Transport and Defensive

Question 26

Four Main classes of large molecules

Answer 26

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids

Question 27

Starch

Answer 27

Plants storage. Polymer of glucose monomers. Alpha Linkage. Low number of branches.

Question 28

Glycogen

Answer 28

Animal Storage. Vertebrates store in liver and muscle cells. Branches everywhere.

Question 29

Cellulose

Answer 29

Makes up most of the cell wall. Polysaccharide made of glucose. Beta linkage.

Question 30

Chitin

Answer 30

Carbohydrate used for exoskeleton. Beta linkage

Question 31

Phospholipid

Answer 31

Made up of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. Major component of cells, they’re major constituents for cell walls. Have a head (Hydrophilic) and a tail (Hydrophobic).

Question 32

Steroids (Sterols)

Answer 32

4 fused rings + a functional group. i.e. cholesterol

Question 33

Cholesterol

Answer 33

A steroid, crucial molecule in animals. Precursor for many other steroid synthesis. Common component for animal cell membrane.

Question 34

Polypeptides

Answer 34

A bond between amino acids. A polymer of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

Question 35

Amino Acid

Answer 35

Building blocks of proteins. 20 different amino acids. Consists of an amino, carboxyl, hydrogen group, & a variable group signified by “R.” All of these around an alpha/central carbon. Held together by peptide bonds

Question 36

Nonpolar Amino Acids

Answer 36

Has hydrophobic side chains

Question 37

Polar Amino Acids

Answer 37

Has hydrophilic side chains

Question 38

Acidic Amino Acids

Answer 38

Has negative charge side chains

Question 39

Basic Amino Acids

Answer 39

Has positive side chains

Question 40

Protein Structure Levels

Answer 40

1. Primary Structure: Linear Chain of Amino Acids
2. Secondary: Regions stabilized by hydrogen bond between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
3. Tertiary: 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains
4. Quaternary: Association of 2 or more polypeptides.

Question 41

Denaturation

Answer 41

Breakdown of protein shape

Question 42

X-ray Crystallography

Answer 42

Used to determine 3D shape of protein. Depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the atoms of a crystallized molecule

Question 43

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 43

Inherited materials. Direction for its own replication

Question 44

Gene

Answer 44

Discrete unit of inheritance. Programs amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 45

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Answer 45

A nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA but is most often single-stranded.

Question 46

mRNA

Answer 46

messenger RNA: molecule interacts w/ the cell’s protein synthesizing machinary to direct production of a polypeptide

Question 47

Nucleotides

Answer 47

Composed of 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen containing (nitrogenous) base, and 1-3 phosphate groups.

Question 48

Types of Bases for Nucleic Acids

Answer 48

1. Pyrimidine: 1 6C-membered ring of carbon + nitrogen atoms. Cytosine and Thymine.
2. Purines: 6C-membered ring + 5C-membered ring. Adenine and Guanine.

Question 49

Sugar + Nucleic Acids

Answer 49

1. DNA = deoxyribose + Sugar + triphosphate
2. RNA = ribose + Sugar +triphosphate

Question 50

DNA Antiparallel

Answer 50

5’-TAGC-3’
3’-ATCG-5’

Question 51

Amphiphatic

Answer 51

Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 52

Phosphodiester

Answer 52

Amino acid bonded to an amino acid.