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RES Biweekly 2 > Fouty- Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Fouty- Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations in genes that normally play a role in cell proliferation, thus leading to uncontrolled cell growth

A

cancer

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2
Q

3 types of genes involved in tumorgenesis

A

genes that regulate cell proliferation
genes that control apoptosis
genes involved in repair or damaged DNA

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3
Q

main 2 things involved in tumorgenesis

A

oncogenes
tumor suppressors

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4
Q

______ cell proliferation can lead to malignant and non-malignant issues

A

uncontrolled

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5
Q

cell cycle phase of growth

A

G1

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6
Q

cell cycle phase of DNA replication

A

S

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7
Q

cell cycle phase of growth and preparation for cell division

A

G2

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8
Q

cell cycle phase of cell division

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

important tumor suppressor that binds to E2F and causes no activation of transcription

A

Rb (retinoblastoma)

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10
Q

quiscent cells are arrested in what cell cycle phase

A

G0

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11
Q

what happens when cyclin D and cyclin E are upregulated

A

Rb is phosphorylated (transcription can happen)

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12
Q

what becomes free when cyclin D and E hyperphosphorylates Rb and leads to expression of oncogenic proliferation

A

E2F

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13
Q

_____ of stimulation returns cell to quiescent state (G0) after completion of mitosis

A

withdrawal

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14
Q

_____ inhibitors block cell proliferation

A

CDK inhibitors

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15
Q

blocks cyclin D and E and prevents hyperphosphorylation of Rb

A

p21

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16
Q

directly stimulates p21 and is one of the most important tumor suppressors in the body

A

p53

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17
Q

blocks cell proliferation in G1 phase

A

p21

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18
Q

binds and blocks cyclin D

A

p16

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19
Q

represents a balance b/t cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors

A

cell proliferation

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20
Q

blocks cyclin E

A

p27

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21
Q

arrests and stops cell growth; prevents cell proliferation from G1 to S phase

A

tumor suppressors

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22
Q

usually blocks cyclin D; mutated in melanoma and lung cancer

A

p16

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23
Q

____ stimulate proliferation

A

oncogenes

24
Q

_____ inhibit proliferation

A

tumor suppressors

25
Q

normal cellular genes whose proteins/products participate in cell growth/proliferation

A

proto-oncogenes

26
Q

any gene that encodes a protein that can induce cell transformation in culture or cancer in animals/humans

A

oncogene

27
Q

most _____ are derived from mutated normal cellular genes (proto-oncogenes)

A

oncogenes

28
Q

cyclin D, E, and A, and Ras are all what

A

proto-oncogenes

29
Q

____mutations activate cell cycle cyclins and get past blockade in G1 phase

A

Ras

30
Q

_____ mutations convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes

A

gain of function mutations

31
Q

only one copy of gene needs to be mutated for this to happen

A

proto-oncogene to oncogene

32
Q

____ mutations in tumor suppressor genes are also oncogenic

A

loss of function

33
Q

____copies of tumor suppressor genes must be inactivated in cancer

A

both

34
Q

_____ required for cancer

A

two hits

35
Q

what is it called when both copies of tumor suppressor genes must be inactivated in cancer (the second hit)

A

loss of heterozygosity

36
Q

Mutation of cyclin D (anything that leads to upregulation of cyclin D)
Inhibition or degradation of p16
Inhibit Rb

A

causes cancer cells to grow

37
Q

Cyclin D
Cyclin E
Cyclin A
Cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6

A

proto-oncogenes

38
Q

p16
p21
p53
retinoblastoma

A

tumor suppressors

39
Q

how to transform a cell:

A

knock out tumor suppressors
mutate Ras
hTERT (prevent telomere shortening)

40
Q

E6/p53 (inactivation)

A

HPV

41
Q

E7/Rb (inactivation)

A

HPV

42
Q

Ras, EGFR, AKT, Cyclin D genes that regulate cell proliferation in ____ way

A

positively

43
Q

p16Ink4, Retinoblastoma, PTEN, p53 genes that regulate cell proliferation in ____ way

A

negatively

44
Q

P53, BAX, MDM2 genes that control _____

A

apoptosis

45
Q

Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA) involved in repair of damaged _____

A

DNA

46
Q

dominant ____ mutations in proto-oncogenes are oncogenic

A

gain of function

47
Q

recessive _____ mutations in tumor suppressor genes are oncogenic

A

loss of function

48
Q

smoking
asbestos
radon
bad genes

A

can lead to lung cancer

49
Q

mutation/amplification of EGFR is seen in this lung cancer

A

NSCLC

50
Q

mutation of KRAS seen in this lung cancer

A

NSCLC

51
Q

amplification of MYC is seen mainly in this lung cancer type

A

SCLC

52
Q

p53 mutation (LOH) seen in what lung cancer types

A

SCLC and NSCLC

53
Q

mutation (LOH) in this gene is mainly seen in SCLC

A

Rb

54
Q

mutation of CDKN2A seen in this lung cancer

A

NSCLC

55
Q
A

pancoast tumor

RES Biweekly 2 (14 decks)

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