Fouty- Lung Cancer

Question 1

caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations in genes that normally play a role in cell proliferation, thus leading to uncontrolled cell growth

Answer 1

cancer

Question 2

3 types of genes involved in tumorgenesis

Answer 2

genes that regulate cell proliferation
genes that control apoptosis
genes involved in repair or damaged DNA

Question 3

main 2 things involved in tumorgenesis

Answer 3

oncogenes
tumor suppressors

Question 4

______ cell proliferation can lead to malignant and non-malignant issues

Answer 4

uncontrolled

Question 5

cell cycle phase of growth

Answer 5

G1

Question 6

cell cycle phase of DNA replication

Answer 6

S

Question 7

cell cycle phase of growth and preparation for cell division

Answer 7

G2

Question 8

cell cycle phase of cell division

Answer 8

Mitosis

Question 9

important tumor suppressor that binds to E2F and causes no activation of transcription

Answer 9

Rb (retinoblastoma)

Question 10

quiscent cells are arrested in what cell cycle phase

Answer 10

G0

Question 11

what happens when cyclin D and cyclin E are upregulated

Answer 11

Rb is phosphorylated (transcription can happen)

Question 12

what becomes free when cyclin D and E hyperphosphorylates Rb and leads to expression of oncogenic proliferation

Answer 12

E2F

Question 13

_____ of stimulation returns cell to quiescent state (G0) after completion of mitosis

Answer 13

withdrawal

Question 14

_____ inhibitors block cell proliferation

Answer 14

CDK inhibitors

Question 15

blocks cyclin D and E and prevents hyperphosphorylation of Rb

Answer 15

p21

Question 16

directly stimulates p21 and is one of the most important tumor suppressors in the body

Answer 16

p53

Question 17

blocks cell proliferation in G1 phase

Answer 17

p21

Question 18

binds and blocks cyclin D

Answer 18

p16

Question 19

represents a balance b/t cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors

Answer 19

cell proliferation

Question 20

blocks cyclin E

Answer 20

p27

Question 21

arrests and stops cell growth; prevents cell proliferation from G1 to S phase

Answer 21

tumor suppressors

Question 22

usually blocks cyclin D; mutated in melanoma and lung cancer

Answer 22

p16

Question 23

____ stimulate proliferation

Answer 23

oncogenes

Question 24

_____ inhibit proliferation

Answer 24

tumor suppressors

Question 25

normal cellular genes whose proteins/products participate in cell growth/proliferation

Answer 25

proto-oncogenes

Question 26

any gene that encodes a protein that can induce cell transformation in culture or cancer in animals/humans

Answer 26

oncogene

Question 27

most _____ are derived from mutated normal cellular genes (proto-oncogenes)

Answer 27

oncogenes

Question 28

cyclin D, E, and A, and Ras are all what

Answer 28

proto-oncogenes

Question 29

____mutations activate cell cycle cyclins and get past blockade in G1 phase

Answer 29

Ras

Question 30

_____ mutations convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes

Answer 30

gain of function mutations

Question 31

only one copy of gene needs to be mutated for this to happen

Answer 31

proto-oncogene to oncogene

Question 32

____ mutations in tumor suppressor genes are also oncogenic

Answer 32

loss of function

Question 33

____copies of tumor suppressor genes must be inactivated in cancer

Answer 33

both

Question 34

_____ required for cancer

Answer 34

two hits

Question 35

what is it called when both copies of tumor suppressor genes must be inactivated in cancer (the second hit)

Answer 35

loss of heterozygosity

Question 36

Mutation of cyclin D (anything that leads to upregulation of cyclin D) Inhibition or degradation of p16 Inhibit Rb

Answer 36

causes cancer cells to grow

Question 37

Cyclin D Cyclin E Cyclin A Cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6

Answer 37

proto-oncogenes

Question 38

p16 p21 p53 retinoblastoma

Answer 38

tumor suppressors

Question 39

how to transform a cell:

Answer 39

knock out tumor suppressors mutate Ras hTERT (prevent telomere shortening)

Question 40

E6/p53 (inactivation)

Answer 40

HPV

Question 41

E7/Rb (inactivation)

Answer 41

HPV

Question 42

Ras, EGFR, AKT, Cyclin D genes that regulate cell proliferation in ____ way

Answer 42

positively

Question 43

p16Ink4, Retinoblastoma, PTEN, p53 genes that regulate cell proliferation in ____ way

Answer 43

negatively

Question 44

P53, BAX, MDM2 genes that control _____

Answer 44

apoptosis

Question 45

Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA) involved in repair of damaged _____

Answer 45

DNA

Question 46

dominant ____ mutations in proto-oncogenes are oncogenic

Answer 46

gain of function

Question 47

recessive _____ mutations in tumor suppressor genes are oncogenic

Answer 47

loss of function

Question 48

smoking asbestos radon bad genes

Answer 48

can lead to lung cancer

Question 49

mutation/amplification of EGFR is seen in this lung cancer

Answer 49

NSCLC

Question 50

mutation of KRAS seen in this lung cancer

Answer 50

NSCLC

Question 51

amplification of MYC is seen mainly in this lung cancer type

Answer 51

SCLC

Question 52

p53 mutation (LOH) seen in what lung cancer types

Answer 52

SCLC and NSCLC

Question 53

mutation (LOH) in this gene is mainly seen in SCLC

Answer 53

Rb

Question 54

mutation of CDKN2A seen in this lung cancer

Answer 54

NSCLC

Question 55

Answer 55

pancoast tumor