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RES Biweekly 2 > Al-Mehdi- Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Al-Mehdi- Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene) + DNA adducts + _____ mutations= lung cancer

A

tumor suppressors

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2
Q

tobacco smokae + DNA adducts + _____ = DNA strand breaks

A

ROS

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3
Q

glutamine addiction of cancer cells to DNA methylation is what reprogramming

A

metabolic reprogramming

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4
Q

hereditary mutation in DNA repair genes

A

genomic instability

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5
Q

_____downregulation → less antigen presentation → less recognition of tumor cells by CD8+ cells

A

MHC1

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6
Q

_____loss of heterozygosity(LOH; loss of one functional allele; two hit hypothesis)→ progression from adenocarcinoma in situ to lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)

A

HLA

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7
Q

develops from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells

A

SCLC

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8
Q

____ in TP53, KRAS,EGFR,BRAF, histone methylation enzymes, and DNA damage response genes can lead to cancer

A

mutations

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9
Q

epithelial to ______ transition can lead to cancer

A

mesenchymal

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10
Q

(area of development to cancer) still confined to basement membrane but the can invade and that will be invasive carcinoma

A

carcinoma in situ

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11
Q

tumor suppressor genes hypermethylated in _______

A

NSCLC

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12
Q

cells express high levels of telomerase to avoid replicative senescence

A

cancer cells

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13
Q

uncontrolled growth of gastrin-releasing peptide is seen in what

A

SCLC

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14
Q

hepatocyte growth factor increase seen in what

A

NSCLC

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15
Q

upregulation of EGFR seen in what

A

NSCLC

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16
Q

cancer cells secrete _____ to form new blood vessels

A

VEGF

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17
Q

monoclonal anti-VEGF Ab used to treat NSCLC

A

BEVACIZUMAB

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18
Q

normoxia, pyruvate to lactate 85% of time!!!! Happens under aerobic conditions (this can suppress the growth of neighboring normal cells; tumor cells can grow under acidic environment)

A

cancer cells

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19
Q

with cancer, what kills a patient

A

metastasis

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20
Q

cells poised to undergo ____, then recruit reactive stroma and transition to cancer stem like state, and can turn into cancer stem cell w/ metastatic potential

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)

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21
Q

how cancer metastasizes

A

get into blood vessel or lymphatic vessel, travel to distant sites, colonize and form new tumor

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22
Q

2 main types of NSCLC

A

adenocarcinoma
SCC

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23
Q

central lung carcinomas

A

SCC and SCLC

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24
Q

KRAS mutation, woman and nonsmoker

A

adenocarcinoma

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25
central location smoker PTHrP (hypercalcemia)
SCC
26
peripheral location pleormorphic poor prognosis 15% of bronchogenic carcinomas
large cell lung carcinoma
27
central location arises from Kulchitsky cells (neuroendocrine cells) MYC activation
SCLC
28
anti-neuron SIADH ACTH (cushing) paraneoplastic syndromes associated with what
SCLC
29
this tumor can lead to serotonin syndrome: flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing
carcinoid syndrome
30
affects the pleura asbestos exposure pleural thickening
mesothelioma
31
Rx carcinoid with what
Octreotide (SE gallstones)
32
Cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain
lung cancer
33
pancoast tumor can cause what syndrome of ptosis, myosis, anhydrosis
Horner's syndrome
34
way to detect metastasis
FDG (glucose) PET scan
35
this cancer is mixed (osteolytic and osteoblastic)
lung cancer
36
rare complication of lung cancer that happens when primary lung cancer compresses SVC
SVC syndrome
37
Swelling of the face, neck, and bilateral upper extremities Visibly dilated veins on the anterior chest wall
SVC syndrome
38
common pathogenesis of this is tissue hypoxia (in extremities)
clubbing
39
SIADH increase in ACTH lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with what
SCLC
40
hypercalcemia (PTHrP) associated with what
SCC
41
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with what
NSCLC
42
Rx SIADH in SCLC
hypertonic saline
43
Antibody to presynaptic calcium channel, blocking acetylcholine vesicle exocytosis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
44
When immune cells identify proteins of cancer cells, they make antibodies against them; cancer cells try to avoid that; due to some mimicry, they can find cells in cerebellum and look similar to cancer proteins (can be autoimmune)
cerebellar degeneration in SCLC
45
onconeuronal antibody seen in SCLC
anti-Hu
46
diagnose lung cancer
CXR, CT (coin like mass)
47
CK 7 +
adenocarcinoma
48
negative for CK7 and CK20
SCC SCLC
49
NSE (neuron specific enolase) solid tumor marker for what
SCLC
50
EGFR mutation
adenocarcinoma
51
ERLOTINIB used to treat what
adenocarcinoma
52
ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) mutation
adenocarcinoma
53
CRIZOTINIB used to treat what
adenocarcinoma
54
TTF-1 +, NapsinA +
adenocarcinoma
55
P63 +, CK5/6 +
SCC
56
TTF-1 +, Synaptophysin +
SCLC
57
GEMCITABINE/ Platinum + anti EGFR CETUXIMAB Rx what
SCC
58
in the absence of EGFR or ALK defects, PEMETREXED + PLATINUM + PEMBROLIZUMAB as first line used to treat what
metastatic non-squamous NSCLC
59
Antifolate PEMETREXED, BEVACIZUMAB, CARBOPLATIN, PACLITAXEL used to treat what
non-squamous cell NSCLC
60
-TINIBs used to treat what (anti-growth factor)
adenocarcinoma
61
CISPLATIN + ETOPOSIDE or CISPLATIN + IRINOTECAN (topoisomerase I inhibitor) used to treat what
SCLC
62
DABRAFENIB
BRAF inhibitor
63
ERLOTINIB GEFITINIB
EGFR inhibitor
64
normally unrelated to smoking originates from clara cells
adenocarcinoma
65
strongly linked to smoking
SCC
66
arises from Kulchitsky cells strongly linked to smoking highly malignant
SCLC
67
strongly associated with asbestos exposure
mesothelioma
68
may affect cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner’s syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis) May cause shoulder weakness if affecting the brachial plexus
Pancoast tumor
69
More common than primary lung cancers Breast, colon, prostate, and renal cell carcinomas most frequent
metastasis to lungs
70
women nonsmokers glandular and papillary elements
adenocarcinoma

RES Biweekly 2 (14 decks)

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