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RES Biweekly 2 > Al-Mehdi- Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Al-Mehdi- Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene) + DNA adducts + _____ mutations= lung cancer

A

tumor suppressors

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2
Q

tobacco smokae + DNA adducts + _____ = DNA strand breaks

A

ROS

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3
Q

glutamine addiction of cancer cells to DNA methylation is what reprogramming

A

metabolic reprogramming

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4
Q

hereditary mutation in DNA repair genes

A

genomic instability

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5
Q

_____downregulation → less antigen presentation → less recognition of tumor cells by CD8+ cells

A

MHC1

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6
Q

_____loss of heterozygosity(LOH; loss of one functional allele; two hit hypothesis)→ progression from adenocarcinoma in situ to lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)

A

HLA

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7
Q

develops from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells

A

SCLC

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8
Q

____ in TP53, KRAS,EGFR,BRAF, histone methylation enzymes, and DNA damage response genes can lead to cancer

A

mutations

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9
Q

epithelial to ______ transition can lead to cancer

A

mesenchymal

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10
Q

(area of development to cancer) still confined to basement membrane but the can invade and that will be invasive carcinoma

A

carcinoma in situ

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11
Q

tumor suppressor genes hypermethylated in _______

A

NSCLC

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12
Q

cells express high levels of telomerase to avoid replicative senescence

A

cancer cells

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13
Q

uncontrolled growth of gastrin-releasing peptide is seen in what

A

SCLC

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14
Q

hepatocyte growth factor increase seen in what

A

NSCLC

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15
Q

upregulation of EGFR seen in what

A

NSCLC

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16
Q

cancer cells secrete _____ to form new blood vessels

A

VEGF

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17
Q

monoclonal anti-VEGF Ab used to treat NSCLC

A

BEVACIZUMAB

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18
Q

normoxia, pyruvate to lactate 85% of time!!!! Happens under aerobic conditions (this can suppress the growth of neighboring normal cells; tumor cells can grow under acidic environment)

A

cancer cells

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19
Q

with cancer, what kills a patient

A

metastasis

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20
Q

cells poised to undergo ____, then recruit reactive stroma and transition to cancer stem like state, and can turn into cancer stem cell w/ metastatic potential

A

epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)

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21
Q

how cancer metastasizes

A

get into blood vessel or lymphatic vessel, travel to distant sites, colonize and form new tumor

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22
Q

2 main types of NSCLC

A

adenocarcinoma
SCC

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23
Q

central lung carcinomas

A

SCC and SCLC

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24
Q

KRAS mutation, woman and nonsmoker

A

adenocarcinoma

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25
Q

central location
smoker
PTHrP (hypercalcemia)

A

SCC

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26
Q

peripheral location
pleormorphic
poor prognosis
15% of bronchogenic carcinomas

A

large cell lung carcinoma

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27
Q

central location
arises from Kulchitsky cells (neuroendocrine cells)
MYC activation

A

SCLC

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28
Q

anti-neuron
SIADH
ACTH (cushing)
paraneoplastic syndromes associated with what

A

SCLC

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29
Q

this tumor can lead to serotonin syndrome: flushing, diarrhea, and wheezing

A

carcinoid syndrome

30
Q

affects the pleura
asbestos exposure
pleural thickening

A

mesothelioma

31
Q

Rx carcinoid with what

A

Octreotide (SE gallstones)

32
Q

Cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain

A

lung cancer

33
Q

pancoast tumor can cause what syndrome of ptosis, myosis, anhydrosis

A

Horner’s syndrome

34
Q

way to detect metastasis

A

FDG (glucose) PET scan

35
Q

this cancer is mixed (osteolytic and osteoblastic)

A

lung cancer

36
Q

rare complication of lung cancer that happens when primary lung cancer compresses SVC

A

SVC syndrome

37
Q

Swelling of the face, neck, and bilateral upper extremities
Visibly dilated veins on the anterior chest wall

A

SVC syndrome

38
Q

common pathogenesis of this is tissue hypoxia (in extremities)

A

clubbing

39
Q

SIADH
increase in ACTH
lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with what

A

SCLC

40
Q

hypercalcemia (PTHrP) associated with what

A

SCC

41
Q

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with what

A

NSCLC

42
Q

Rx SIADH in SCLC

A

hypertonic saline

43
Q

Antibody to presynaptic calcium channel, blocking acetylcholine vesicle exocytosis

A

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

44
Q

When immune cells identify proteins of cancer cells, they make antibodies against them; cancer cells try to avoid that; due to some mimicry, they can find cells in cerebellum and look similar to cancer proteins (can be autoimmune)

A

cerebellar degeneration in SCLC

45
Q

onconeuronal antibody seen in SCLC

A

anti-Hu

46
Q

diagnose lung cancer

A

CXR, CT (coin like mass)

47
Q

CK 7 +

A

adenocarcinoma

48
Q

negative for CK7 and CK20

A

SCC
SCLC

49
Q

NSE (neuron specific enolase) solid tumor marker for what

A

SCLC

50
Q

EGFR mutation

A

adenocarcinoma

51
Q

ERLOTINIB used to treat what

A

adenocarcinoma

52
Q

ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) mutation

A

adenocarcinoma

53
Q

CRIZOTINIB used to treat what

A

adenocarcinoma

54
Q

TTF-1 +, NapsinA +

A

adenocarcinoma

55
Q

P63 +, CK5/6 +

A

SCC

56
Q

TTF-1 +, Synaptophysin +

A

SCLC

57
Q

GEMCITABINE/ Platinum + anti EGFR CETUXIMAB Rx what

A

SCC

58
Q

in the absence of EGFR or ALK defects, PEMETREXED + PLATINUM + PEMBROLIZUMAB as first line
used to treat what

A

metastatic non-squamous NSCLC

59
Q

Antifolate PEMETREXED, BEVACIZUMAB, CARBOPLATIN, PACLITAXEL used to treat what

A

non-squamous cell NSCLC

60
Q

-TINIBs used to treat what (anti-growth factor)

A

adenocarcinoma

61
Q

CISPLATIN + ETOPOSIDE or CISPLATIN + IRINOTECAN (topoisomerase I inhibitor)
used to treat what

A

SCLC

62
Q

DABRAFENIB

A

BRAF inhibitor

63
Q

ERLOTINIB
GEFITINIB

A

EGFR inhibitor

64
Q

normally unrelated to smoking
originates from clara cells

A

adenocarcinoma

65
Q

strongly linked to smoking

A

SCC

66
Q

arises from Kulchitsky cells
strongly linked to smoking
highly malignant

A

SCLC

67
Q

strongly associated with asbestos exposure

A

mesothelioma

68
Q

may affect cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner’s syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis)May cause shoulder weakness if affecting the brachial plexus

A

Pancoast tumor

69
Q

More common than primary lung cancersBreast, colon, prostate, and renal cell carcinomas most frequent

A

metastasis to lungs

70
Q

women
nonsmokers
glandular and papillary elements

A

adenocarcinoma

RES Biweekly 2 (14 decks)

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