Forensics - Behavioural Modification In Custody Flashcards
What is behaviour modification?
Behaviour modification is the application of the behaviourist approach to treatment, such as the management of offenders in penal institutions. It is based on the principles of operant conditioning. The general aim is to replace undesirable behaviours with more desirable ones through the selective use of positive and/or negative reinforcement.
What is a token economy?
A token economy is a behaviour modification system reinforcing desirable behaviour with a token that can later be exchanged for a reward. Prisoners earn tokens by performing desirable behaviours and lose tokens for disobedience. The tokens act as secondary reinforcers and can be exchanged for privileges, such as phone calls or time in the gym.
How does behaviour modification aim to change behaviour?
Behaviour modification involves breaking down undesirable behaviour into manageable steps and reinforcing desirable behaviours.
It uses selective reinforcement, rewarding specific desired behaviours while withholding reinforcement for non-compliance.
The aim is to re-educate offenders and manage behaviour within the institution as well as reduce problematic behaviour among offenders.
What does research say about token economies?
Hobbs and Michael (1976) introduced token economy programmes in three behavioural units for young offenders, finding a significant reduction in inappropriate behaviour compared to control groups.
Cohen and Filipczak (1971) found short-term improvements in adult prisoners using token economies, but many offenders reoffended after release.
What is one evaluation point about the practicality of behaviour modification?
Point: Easy to implement.
Explanation: Token economy systems do not require specialist professionals and are cost-effective and easy to establish. Staff need consistency in implementation for effectiveness. However, some benefits are lost when staff are inconsistent in applying the system.
Link: This highlights that behaviour modification is an accessible and practical approach but relies on consistent enforcement by institutional staff.
What is one evaluation point about the long-term effectiveness of behaviour modification?
Point: Limited rehabilitative value.
Explanation: Blackburn (1993) suggested behaviour modification has little rehabilitative value. Positive changes observed in prison may not generalise to the outside world. Rewards received in prison may not apply after release, and the focus on superficial compliance may not address deeper behavioural issues.
Link: This indicates that while behaviour modification can improve short-term behaviour in custody, it may fail to produce long-term change or reduce recidivism.
What is one ethical issue with behaviour modification?
Point: Ethical issues in token economy systems.
Explanation: Token economies have been criticised for being manipulative and dehumanising. Inmates have little choice but to comply with the programme to access basic privileges, raising concerns about coercion. For example, withholding privileges such as visitation may violate human rights.
Link: This suggests that while behaviour modification may be effective, ethical considerations limit its acceptability as a form of offender management.
What is one evaluation point about selective reinforcement?
Point: Effectiveness depends on consistent application.
Explanation: The success of behaviour modification relies on staff being trained to apply the token economy consistently. Inconsistent application undermines the programme’s effectiveness. In addition, some prisoners may resist compliance, which can reduce its impact.
Link: This shows that although token economies can be effective, their success is contingent on proper implementation and adherence by institutional staff.
