forensic Flashcards
1
Q
most superficial injury/mildest
A
abrasion
2
Q
injury usually restricted to epidermis
A
abrasion
3
Q
blood vessel injury restricted to skin
A
bruise
4
Q
blood vessel injury/ bleed in organ
A
contusion
5
Q
cut/break in continuity of skin /skin splitting due to blunt object
A
laceration
6
Q
cut/break in continuity of skin /skin splitting due to sharp object
A
incision/stab
7
Q
gaping of skin seen in
A
incision/laceratin
8
Q
diff b/w incision and laceration
A
regular margins inincisions
bruising around laceration
clean cut in incision/ tissue bridges in laceration
hair crushed in laceration
9
Q
diff b/w/ incision and stab
A
max. dimension in incision is length/ max. dimension in incision is depth
10
Q
what causes chopped wound
A
axe
11
Q
direction in abrasion by
A
epithelial heaping up
12
Q
direction in incision by
A
deepest in start=tailing
13
Q
direction in laceration by
A
SWALLOW tail
14
Q
direction in stab by
A
FISH tail
15
Q
gravel burn aka
A
brush burn/ graze abrasion
16
Q
rope on neck which abrasion
A
pressure abrasion/ imprint abrasion
17
Q
bruising behind ear due to trauma where?
k/s?
A
middle cranial fossa(not in post auricular area)
Ectopic bruise / battle sign
18
Q
six penny sign + injuries/ # of diff ages
A
Non accidental injury / child abuse
19
Q
what can be seen in Non accidental injury/ child abuse(4)
A
1 six penny sign
2 multiple # of diff age
3 retinal hemorrhage
4 SDH
20
Q
what type of intracranial hemorrhage in child abuse
A
SDH
21
Q
Multiple # of diff ages seen in?(2)
A
1 OI
2 NAI
22
Q
type of # specific to NAI
A
metaphyseal corner # / bucket handle
23
Q
type of # specific to OI (osteogenesis imperfecta)
A
diaphyseal #
24
Q
what shape is tram track bruise?
seen in?
A
2 linear lines
seen in lathi /stick injury
25
what can induce artificial bruise
semicarpus or bilvanol
26
diff between artificial and actual bruise
artificial bruise will have=
1 Vesicles
2 pruritis/itching
3 Absent color change/evolve
4 Absent vital
27
not vesicle not pruritic?
secondary syphillis
28
R R RB B B for
age of abrasion
raw
red
reddish brown
brown
black
29
negative zone in vital reaction is where?
area injured
30
positive zone in vital reaction is where?
area surrounding injury
shows enzymatic reaction
31
R VIBGYO for?
age on contusion /bruise
red
VI= blue
brown
green
yellow
original
32
original color after bruise when?
after 2 weeks
33
yellow color when after bruise?
due to ?
7 - 12 days
bilirubin
34
green color when after bruise?
due to?
5 - 6 days
toidin / biliverdin
35
brown color when after bruise?
due to?
4 days
siderin
36
blue color when after bruise?
due to ?
hrs - 3 days
deoxyhemoglobin
37
bruise due to which hemorrhage does not show color change
subconjunctival hemorrhage
(stays red then disappear)
38
diff b/w liver mortis and contusion(injury when alive)
liver mortis= dependent part
=well defined
= blanch
contusion= extravasation seen
=color change seen
39
diff b/w antemortem and postmortem clot
antemortem clot=firm/dark
=striae of zahn seen
= coralline platelet thrombus
post mortem clot= chicken fat clot
40
coralline platelet thrombus seen in
antemortem clot
41
striae of zahn seen in?
antemortem clot
42
chicken fat clot seen in
postmortem clot
43
seppuku aka
harakiri
44
mechanism of harakiri/ seppukku
fatal wound on stomach=bowels out= VASOVAGAL SHOCK
45
jigai
go for jugular( suicide by injury to internal jugular vein)
46
incised looking laceration seen in
blunt force on bony prominences( eg forehead)
47
laceration looking incised wound seen in
incision in area with lot of soft tissue/ without bone( eg axilla / scrotum)
48
defense cut seen in ?
fingers
49
hesitation cut?
suicidal/ multiple
50
arborization flower aka
filigree burns
Lichtenberg flower
51
filigree/arborization/ litchenberg seen in
lightning burn
52
crocodile burn in?
high voltage electrical injury
53
flash burn seen in
high voltage electrical injury
54
joule burn
low voltage burn
55
which is more dangerous AC or DC
AC more dangerous
56
most important factor for death in electrical injury
amperage
57
high voltage electrical burn are
crocodile burn
flash burn
58
what type of skin is barrier to electrical current
dry skin
59
mcc of death in electrical injury
arrhythmias
60
effect of electrical injury on muscles?
relation to surgery?
crushed muscle injury
rhabdomyolysis is complication in surgery due to use of electrical ligation devices etc
61
more fluid after surgery due to?
how much
rhabdomyolysis due to electrical injury
4ml/kg/% bsa
62
rigor mortis sets early or late in muscle injury
early
63
boxer's attitude seen in?
aka?
what kind of attitude
burn
pugilistic attitude/ heat stiffening
flexion
64
pugilistic attitude after burn is due to
coagulation of proteins
65
coagulation of proteins at what temp
65 degree Celsius
66
what is heat rupture
splitting of skin due to heat
67
diff b/w laceration and heat rupture
laceration=bleeding
= nerve/ vessels damage
heat rupture=no bleeding
= nerves/ vessels intact
68
heat# v/s other #
mechanism
in heat burst due to 'evaporation' outward margins of #
inwards / depressed in other #
69
EDH with honeycomb appearance due to
heat hematoma
70
hematoma that is bilateral and diffuse
Heat hematoma
71
heat damage due to loss of electrolyte due to sweating
heat cramp
72
heat injury due to loss of electrolyte + fluid
heat exhaustion
73
Anterior Hypothalamus is acting normal in which heat injuries
Heat Cramp heat exhaustion
74
Anterior hypothalamus does not act normally in which heat injury
Heat stroke
75
Core temperature rises in which heat injury
Heat stroke
76
hallmark of heat stroke
Neurological dysfunction example confusion
77
core temperature rises to What degree in heat stroke
More than 45 degree
78
Triad of heat stroke
Core temperature more than 45 degree
heat stress
neurological dysfunction
79
80
In Which type of heat stroke sweating is absent
Classical heat stroke
81
In which type of heat stroke is sweating present
Exertional heat stroke
82
Ulcer for hyperthermia
Wishnewsky ulcer
83
Hide and die is seen in
Hypothermia
84
Paradoxical undressing is seen in
Hypothermia
85
Curling ulcers are seen in
Burns
86
Cushings ulcer due to
Head injury
87
Cameron ulcer due to
Sliding hernia- hiatal
88
Dry heat causes (3)
Charring
Singeing
Blackening
89
Scalding is due to
Moist heat
90
Moist heat at what temperature causes scalding
>65 degree
91
Features seen in moist heat injury/ scald (3)
Blistering
Splashing
Line of redness
92
Line of redness seen in moist or dry heat
Moist heat
93
Difference between Chemical burn and moist burn
Chemical=ulcer / moist= Blistering
Chemical= distict discoloration/ moist=line of redness
94
Injuries in RTA
1 spine injury= whiplash=hyperflexion-hyperextension
2 steering wheel= patterne bruise
3 pelvic# = post• dislocation of hip(m/c)
4 braced leg# = PCL tear
= patella #
5 face injury= sparrow foot marks
95
Death attributed to accidental injury in how many days
30 days
96
Transverse aortic tear in RTA k/S
Lander rung tear
97
Primary blast injury due to
Blast wave
98
TLC in primary blast injury?
Tympanic membrane>
Lungs>
Colon
99
Secondary blast ( Marshall's triad) injuries due to
Missiles of blast
100
MRSHALL'S Triad in
secondary blast injuries
(ACL)
Abrasion
Contusion
Laceration
101
Tertiary injuries due to blast are?
Head
C-Spine
Fractures
102
Most common skull #
Fissure/Linear
103
Diff b/w skull suture and skull #
Suture has
1 serrations
2 well corticated surface
Skull fracture
1 No serration
2 No cortical surface=clean cut
104
High chance of brain injury in which #
Signature/depressed #
105
Ping Pong# also k/s?
Seen in?
Pond#
Children
106
Skull # with multiple pieces
Comminuted#
107
Skull # around foramen magnum k/s
Ring #
108
Lucid interval is seen in which brain injury
EDH
109
Will and evidense in Lucifer interval is valine or not
Valid
110
Is person Criminally liable in Lucid interval
Yes
111
Calvin goddard
Father of ballistics
112
Proximal/internal ballistics is of gun or human
Of gun
113
Ballistics when bullet is in air
Intermediate / external ballistics
114
External ballistics is
Shot/bullet in air before reaching human
115
Intermediate ballistics is
Shot/bullet in air before reaching human
116
Terminal ballistics
Shot/bullet reached patient/ causing wound
117
Types of gun
Shot gun
Rifle
118
Which gun gives gyroscopic ability to bullet
Rifle
119
Gyroscopy of bullet caused by
Grooves and lands in rifle
120
Caliber or Bore diameter
Distance between lands
121
Choking is done in?
Shot gun
122
Choking is done for
Reducing dispersion
123
Reduction is dispersion is required to
To increase damage by pellets
124
12 gauge Rifle means?
1 pound/ 454 gm of lead makes 12 bullets in that Rifle bore
125
Primary markings in bullet fingerprinting gives information for
Class information
Manufacturer
126
Secondary marking of bullet gives information for
Indivisual gun
127
Primary or Secondary markings for bullet fingerprinting?
Secondary >primary
128
Derma nitrate test for
Gun shot residue
129
Test for gun shot residue
Dermalnitrate test
Best= sem-Edxa
130
Best test for gun shot residue
Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x ray spectroscopy
131
Fun shot residue collected using
Parrafin wax
132
Iatrogenic manipularion of gun shot wound is known as
Kennedy phenomenon
133
Manually putting a bullet in a stab wound to make it seen like gun shot is known as
Rayalasima phenomenon
134
What does cartridge contain
Bullet gun Powder primer
135
Primer in cartridge is made up of
(BLAST)Barium nitrate
lead peroxide
lead styphnate
Antimony sulphide
tetracene
136
Which barium compound is present in primer of cartridge
Barium nitrate
137
Which Antimony compound is present in primer of cartridge
Antimony sulphide
138
Which lead compound is present in primer of cartridge
Lead peroxide and lead styphnate
139
Types of gunpowder
Black smokeless semi smokeless
140
Black gunpowder is made up of
(K C S)
KNo3
Charcoal
Sulphur
141
K C S present in which part of gun
Cartridge
black gunpowder
142
Types of smokeless gunpowder
Single Base
double base
triple base
143
Nitro Guanidine is present in which gunpowder
Only triple base
144
Composition of double base gunpowder
Nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin
145
Composition of triple based gunpowder
Nitrocellulose nitroglycerin and nitroguaidine
146
Composition of single base gunpowder
Only nitrocellulose
147
80% black gunpowder and 20% smokeless gunpowder is what
Semi smokeless gunpowder
148
What percentage of black gunpowder is present in semi smokeless gunpowder
80%
149
What percent of smokeless gunpowder is present in semi smokeless gunpowder
20%
150
Components that come out of gun on firing
Flame smoke unburnt powder bullet
151
Tattooing is caused by what in Gunshot
Unburned powder
152
Blackening is caused by what in gunshot
smoke
153
Singeing is caused by what in gunshot
Flame
154
Burning is caused by what in Gun shot
Flame
155
B B T are caused by what respectively
Burning by flame
Blackening By smoke
tattooing by unburnt powder
156
Unburnt powder deposits where to cause tattooing
dermis
157
Which among blackening and tattooing can be wiped off
Blackening due to smoke
158
Grease collar is Formed by
Lubricant /bullet wipe
159
Bullet wipe causes what in gunshot wound
Grease collar
160
Abrasion collar In Gunshot wound is due
Trauma in surrounding skin
161
Features of entry wound
BBT Gc Ac Inverted margins
162
Cruciate shaped bullet wound is Due to shot from what distance
Contact shot
163
Cherry red colour of gunshot wound with BBT GC AC Inside or not seen is what distance
Contact Gun shot
164
Contact Gunshots are usually seen in which cases
Suicide
165
When BBT GC AC all are seen what is the distance
close gunshot
166
B B Absent
T Gc Ac Present
Near/ Intermediate
167
What gunshot wound features are not seen in near/intermediate Distance
B B
168
Tattooing not seen at what distance In gunshot
Distant gunshot
169
What features are seen in distant gunshot
What are not seen
GC and AC Are seen in distant gunshot
BBT Are not seen
170
Rat hole appearance in shotgun wound is that what distance
Near gun shot
171
Partial dispersion with one big and several small gunshot wounds around it seen at what distance
Intermediate distance by shotgun
172
Shotgun distance 1 to 2 metres
Near gunshot
173
All pallets dispersed individually causing Gun shot wound at what distance
Distant gunshot wound by shotgun
174
Shotgun distance 2 to 4 metres
Intermediate gun Shot
175
Shotgun distance Less than one metre
close gunshot
176
Shotgun distance more than 4 metres
Distant gunshot
177
Fired one bullet and one came after it Seen commonly in old guns
Piggyback/ Tandem bullet
178
What is a tandem bullet
One bullet that comes after another from old guns
179
Partial opening of jacketed bullet known as
Dum dum bullet
180
Which bullet is made in India specifically
Dum dum bullet
181
bullet That gets completely fragmented known as
Friendgible bullet
182
Bullet that Bounced in skull changes direction known as
Ricochet bullet
183
Bullet when bounced back Shows entry and exit wound at same side
Ricochet bullet
184
Bullet slowly changing Direction but going straight Is known as
Yawing bullet
185
Bullet changing direction to go in opposite side Comes back in same direction is known as
Tumbling bullet
186
Keyhole injury due to gunshot
Bullet going tangentially
187
Tangential Path of bullet on outer table Of skull can cause Which fracture
Gutter fracture
188
Evolution of brain in gunshot injury to skull is known as
kronlein shot
189
Sequence of skull fracture in gun short is given by which rule
puppe's rule
190
what is puppe's rule
Newer fracture line cannot cross older fracture line
191
Causes of asphyxial death(4)
Drowning
Suffocation ( Blocking Airway)
Strangulation
hanging
192
Increased K
Decreased Na and Cl In which drowning
fresh water drowning
Due to Hemodilution
193
Main cause of death in freshwater drowning?
due to?
arrhythmias
194
Hemoconcentration seeWhich Drowning
Saltwater drowning
195
High Mg and high Sr seen in which Drowning
Saltwater drowning
196
Death in saltwater drowning is mainly due to
Myocardial anoxia
(as myocardium does not get enough oxygen and blood due to hemoconcentration)
197
What are raised in saltwater drowning
Na Cl Mg Sr
198
Test to differentiate freshwater and saltwater drowning
Gettler's test
199
Chloride Levels in Gettler's test is Estimated in
Heart chambers
200
what is tested in gettler's test
Chloride ion in heart chambers to differentiate freshwater and saltwater drowning
201
Difference between dry drowning and immersion syndrome
Dry drowning due to laryngo Spasm( lungs are dry)
Immersion syndrome Is due to vasovagal shock Due to cold water (increased vagal activity)
202
Dying after immersion due to sepsis or hypothermia is known
Near drowning
203
Vasovagal shock in immersion Syndrome is due to
Cold water
204
what happens in vasovagal shock
High vagal discharge
Causing Cardiac inhibition
205
Four signs of antemortem drowning
Cadaveric spasm
Diatom test
Paltauf haemorrhages
Persistent frothing
206
Differentiate cadaveric spasm from rigor Mortis
Cadaveric spasm before death posture No relaxation
rigor Mortis Stiffening after Primary relaxation
207
Cadaveric spasm occurs due to
Depletion of atp so no relaxation
208
Dead body passing faecal matter due to
Primary relaxation
209
Rigor Mortis occurs after
Primary relaxation
210
Stages of rigor Mortis
12 hours of contraction
12 hours of stiffening
12 hours of relaxation
211
Diatom test for
Antemortem vs post mortem drowning
212
Where are diatoms found in body in antemortem drowning
Bone marrow
Visera
213
Diatoms are resistant to
acid and alkali Denaturation
214
Diatoms are?
shells are made up of?
Algae
silica shell
215
Patauf haemorrhages seen in?
Where in body
Antemortem Drowning
Pleura of Lungs
216
Patauf haemorrhages seen in which part of lungs
Pleura
217
Frothing is seen in ante or post mortem drowning?
antemortem drowning
218
Washer woman hand seen in ante or post mortem drowning
Not specific Can be seen in both
219
Frothing in antemortem drowning is seen due to
Vigorous mixing of air with fluid in lungs
220
Blocking of entire face including nose and mouth is known as
smothering
221
Stuffing cloth in mouth/ is known as
Gagging
222
Maneuvers in adults for choking
hemlich manoeuvre
223
where to thrust in hemlich manoeuvre
On xifisternum from behind
224
manoeuvre in babies Less than 2 years for choking
5 back thrust
Then 5 chest thrust
225
cafe Coronary is death due to
Choking on food (asphyxia)
226
Cafe coronary is seen in what people
obese/ Drunk
227
One person sitting on chest another person Blocking airway Is known as
burking= Smothering and traumatic asphyxia
228
Traumatic asphyxia seen due to
Chest compression
229
What is seen in traumatic asphyxia
masque ecchymosis
230
masque ecchymosis is seen in
traumatic asphixia
231
Positional asphyxia is mainly due to
Jackknife position
232
What is overlaying
asphyxia in baby due to overlaying of murder
233
Strangulation by bare hands is knownas
Throttling
234
Strangulation from behind by arm is known as
Mugging
235
Strangulation using two rods or bamboo sticks known as
Bansdola
236
garotting is?
spanish windlass
237
chair For strangulation Is known as
Spanish Windlass or garrotting
238
Triad of asphyxial death
Cyanosis
congestion
Conjunctival spots known as(tardeu spots)
239
tardeu spots due to
More flow in upper limb causes rupture of vessels in conjunctiva
240
Direction of marking In hanging
Oblique
241
Direction of marking and strangulation
transverse
242
Non continuous mark seen in hanging or strangulation
Hanging
243
Level of the neck for ligature mark in hanging
Above thyroid
244
Level on the neck of Ligature mark in strangulation
At or below thyroid
245
Base of lesion in hanging colour
Pale hard parchment like
246
Soft and reddish base of Mark in hanging or strangulation
Strangulation
247
abducted hyoid fracture In hanging or strangulation
Hanging
248
Adducted hyoid fracture In hanging or strangulation
Strangulation SAD
249
Surest sign of Antemortem hanging
Dribbling of saliva
250
la facie sympathica seen in
Hanging
251
In hanging knot presses on sympathetic chain of one side causing Midriasis And open eye k/s
la facie sympathica
252
Simon bleeds are seen in which case
Hanging
253
what are Simon bleeds
Bleeding due to rupture of epidural vessels in hanging due to weight
254
Best method For identification from teeth is
F D I method
255
Caucasians have what in their teeth
Arabella's Cusp
256
Gustafson's criteria For what
Identification by teeth in more than 25 years of age
257
Most reliable Feature for Identifying from teeth is
Transparency of roots
258
How many temporary Teeth are present in children
20
259
Which Temporary Teeth comes at 12months
First molar
260
Which Temporary Teeth comes by 18 months
Canines
261
Which Temporary Teeth comes by 6 months
Lower incisor
262
Which Temporary Teeth comes by 2 years
Secondary molars
263
Which teeth are absent in children /Temporary teeth
Premolars
264
formula for permanent teeth
M1 C1 L1 PM1 PM2 C M2 M3
265
First molar in permanent teeth comes by
6 years
266
Second Molar in permanent teeth comes by
12 to 14 years
267
3rd molar in permanent teeth comes by
17 to 25 years
268
Mixed dentition at what age
6 to 11 years
269
How many teeth at 6 to 11 years of age are present in mouth
Maximum 24 mixed teeth
270
How many permanent teeth are present in age group 6to 11 years
(Age - 5) × 4 = Number of permanent teeth in age group 6 to 11 years
Rest Temporary teeth
271
What is the study of fingerprints
Dactylography
272
Galton system is
System of dactylography /fingerprints
273
Development of fingerprints in foetus is completed
24 weeks
274
Development of fingerprints in foetus is started at
14 weeks
275
Fingerprints are different in identical twins is given by which rule
Quelet's rule
276
Study of palatal impressions is known as
Rugoscopy
277
Imaging of face over skull for identification is known as
superimposition
278
Types of fingerprints
arch
Loop
whorl
279
Burns can cause what type of fingerprint loss
Complete loss
280
Celiac disease can cause which type of fingerprint loss
Complete loss
281
Complete loss of fingerprints is seen in
Celiac disease and burns
282
Permanent impairment of fingerprints is seen
Radiotherapy electrical injury leprosy
283
Leprosy causes what type of fingerprint loss
Permanent impairment
284
Radiotherapy causes what type of fingerprint loss
Permanent impairment
285
Electrical injury causes what type of fingerprint loss
permanent impairment
286
Acromegaly causes what type of fingerprint loss
Change in distance
287
Ricketts causes what type of fingerprint loss
Change in distance
288
Ridge alteration of fingerprints is caused by
Scleroderma
Eczema
Acanthosis nigricans
288
Change in distance of fingerprints is caused by
Acromegaly
rickets
289
Scleroderma causes what type of fingerprint loss
Ridge alteration
290
Eczema causes what type of fingerprint loss
Ridge alteration
291
acanthosis nigricans causes what type of fingerprint loss
Ridge alteration
292
Formula for cephalic index
head breadth/ head length ×100
293
Length of skull is measured between
glabella to occiput
294
bread Of Skull is measured between
Parietal eminences
295
Indian and Asians have what kind of skull
mesatocephalic
296
Can nails give dna samples
no
297
Can teeth give dna samples
yes
298
Differentiation between male and female on the basis of sternum length is known as
ashley's rule
299
According to Ashley's rule length of sternum in females should be
<149mm
300
According to Ashley's rule length of sternum in males should be
>149mm
301
Rules for insanity
Durhan
Curren
Brawner
302
durhan's rule is for
insanity
303
curren's rule is for
insanity
304
Brawner's rule is for
insanity
305
All Insanity rules state
Person by insane is not liable for action
306
Which test is product test in insanity
durhan's test
307
Accuracy Of identification on the basis of bones is known as
Krogman's accuracy max
308
Single most Bone for maximum accuracy in identification
Pelvis
309
Maximum Krogmen's accuracy in a single bone is of
pelvis
310
In females pelvis all are large and wide
O S A larger in males
Obturator foramen
SI joint
Acetabular notch
311
what is corpobasal index
Breadth of S1/ breadth of sacrum × 100
312
In maleface all are large and wild except
what is round in females face
Frontoparietal eminence
Nasal aperture
Angle of Mandible >120°
Female forehead orbit chin are round
313
Features in female face that are round
Forehead orbit chin
314
Angle of Mandible is larger in males or females?
how much?
Angle of mandible is larger in females>120°
315
ESHA Ki Wrist for?
Age of Fusion of joints
316
Elbow fusion at what age
16 years
317
First major joint to fuse completely
Elbow at 16 years
318
Last major joint to be fused completely
wrist joined at 19 years
319
CRITOE For which joint
Ossification point for elbow
320
CRITOE Stands for?
Appear At what ages
capitulum -2 years
Radial head -4 years
Internal /medial epicondyle -6 years
trochlea -8 years
olecrenon -10 years
External /lateral epicondyle- 12
years
321
last one to appear among ossification centers of elbow is
Lateral epicondyle at 12 years of age
322
Fusion of elbow occurs in sequence
LMO
Lateral epicondyle at 14 years
Medial epicondyle at 15 years
olecrenon at 16 years
323
Pneumonic lateral to medial for wrist bones
Proximal she looks too pretty
Distal try to catch her
324
Proximal wristbones from lateral to medial
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
325
distal wristbones from lateral to medial medial
Trapezium
trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
326
Largest carpal bone
capitate
327
which Carpal bone occurs at 3months
hamate
328
which carpal bone comes at 2 months
biggest capitate
329
which carpal bone comes at 3 years
Triquetrum
330
which carpal bone comes at 4 years
Lunate
331
which carpal bone comes at 5-6 years
S- T- T scaphoid
trapezium
trapezoid
331
which carpal bone comes at 5-6 years
S-T-T
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Trapezoid
332
which carpal bone comes at 9- 12 years
pisiform
333
Which carpal bone has a hook
Hamate
334
Which part of carpal bone Fracture leads to ulnar nerve injury
hamate hook
335
Last carpal bone to appear is
Pisiform
336
Medial end of clavicle appears at
18 to 19 years of age
337
medial end of clavicle fuses at
20 to 22 years of age
338
Age from 2 months to 2 years seen by with joints
Capitate
Hamate
Capitulum
339
Age from 3 years to 12 years
Carpal bones
and elbow joint
340
Age from 12 13 to 16 years
Elbow joint
341
Clavicle tells age from ?
To?
15 years to 40 years or more
342
Fusion of lower part of Sternum at what age ?
fusion of serum to Xiphoid at what age?
15 years
40 years
343
Fusion of sternum with manubrium at what age
old age
344
When does lambdoid Suture fuse by
45 years
345
which fontanelle is the last one to fuse
Anterior fontanelle
346
First fontanelle to fuse is
Sphenoidal ( anterolateral)
347
At what age anterolateral or sphenoidal fontanelle is fused
2 to 3 months
348
Fontanelle fused by 2 to 6 months
Posterior fontanelle
349
Mastoid fontanelle fuses by
12 months
350
Anterior fontanelle fuses at
1 1/2 and 2 years
351
Postero lateral fontanelle is known as?
Fuses by ?
Mastoid
1 year
352
which fontanel fuses by 6months
posterior fontanelle
353
Algar mortis can start by
15 minutes after death
354
shape of algae Mortis curve
Sigmoid
355
rate of algae Mortis
Decrease in temperature by 0.7 degree per hour
356
When does algor Mortis not occur
PM caloricity
357
Do burns cause postmortem caloricity
no
358
Does heat stroke Cause postmortem caloricity
yes
359
Factors causing postmortem caloricity
Heat stroke
Pontine Hemorrhage
Sepsis
Tetanus
strychnine
cholera
360
Why does tetanus strychnine cause postmortem caloricity
Due to increased muscle contraction
361
Why does sepsis cause postmortem caloricity
Due to rise in Interleukins
362
Which postmortem changes graph makes plateau
lividity
363
Lividity is also known as
livor mortis
364
Lividity livor mortis plateau 's when
18 hours after death
365
lividity / livor mortis Starts when
30 mins
366
Lividity is seen where
Dependent area
367
Lividity is seen where in hanging
feet
368
Lividity is seen where in Drowning
face
anterior chest
palms
369
color of lividity in carbon monoxide poisoning
cherry red
370
color of lividity in cyanide
brick red
371
color of lividity in nitric oxide
Chocolate
372
The rule of 12 seen in
rigor mortis
373
First muscle to undergo rigor mortis Overall
heart/ cardiac muscle
374
First external muscle to undergo rigor mortise
eyelid
375
Which rules are applied in Rigor Mortis
Nysten's rule
Rule of 12
376
what is nysten's rule
Rigor mortis occurs in Craniocaudal manner
Face> thorax> ul>abd> ll
377
rigor mortis does not occur in death of what Age of fetus
< 7 months
378
Condition when rigor Mortis is late
hemorrhage
Asphyxia
Pneumonia
379
Marbeling occurs when?
36- 48 hours after death
380
why does marbelling occur
due to sulfmethemoglobin
381
Earliest eye change after death
kerwokian sign
382
how long after death does kerwokian sign
Minutes after death
383
Eye change that occurs 3-6 hours after death
tache noir
384
Blackening of sclera exposed after death is known as
tache noir
385
Railway track appearance of retinal vessels after death is known as?
occurs when?
kerwokian sign
Minutes after death
386
corneal opacification occurs when after death
6 hrs after death
387
Corneal opacification is also seen in which death
cobra poisoning
388
Best indicator of time since death in eye is
k+ in vitreous
389
How does Graph of potassium in vitreous correlates with time since death
linearly
390
