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forensic Flashcards

1
Q

most superficial injury/mildest

A

abrasion

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2
Q

injury usually restricted to epidermis

A

abrasion

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3
Q

blood vessel injury restricted to skin

A

bruise

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4
Q

blood vessel injury/ bleed in organ

A

contusion

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5
Q

cut/break in continuity of skin /skin splitting due to blunt object

A

laceration

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6
Q

cut/break in continuity of skin /skin splitting due to sharp object

A

incision/stab

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7
Q

gaping of skin seen in

A

incision/laceratin

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8
Q

diff b/w incision and laceration

A

regular margins inincisions
bruising around laceration
clean cut in incision/ tissue bridges in laceration
hair crushed in laceration

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9
Q

diff b/w/ incision and stab

A

max. dimension in incision is length/ max. dimension in incision is depth

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10
Q

what causes chopped wound

A

axe

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11
Q

direction in abrasion by

A

epithelial heaping up

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12
Q

direction in incision by

A

deepest in start=tailing

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13
Q

direction in laceration by

A

SWALLOW tail

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14
Q

direction in stab by

A

FISH tail

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15
Q

gravel burn aka

A

brush burn/ graze abrasion

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16
Q

rope on neck which abrasion

A

pressure abrasion/ imprint abrasion

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17
Q

bruising behind ear due to trauma where?
k/s?

A

middle cranial fossa(not in post auricular area)
Ectopic bruise / battle sign

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18
Q

six penny sign + injuries/ # of diff ages

A

Non accidental injury / child abuse

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19
Q

what can be seen in Non accidental injury/ child abuse(4)

A

1 six penny sign
2 multiple # of diff age
3 retinal hemorrhage
4 SDH

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20
Q

what type of intracranial hemorrhage in child abuse

A

SDH

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21
Q

Multiple # of diff ages seen in?(2)

A

1 OI
2 NAI

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22
Q

type of # specific to NAI

A

metaphyseal corner # / bucket handle

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23
Q

type of # specific to OI (osteogenesis imperfecta)

A

diaphyseal #

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24
Q

what shape is tram track bruise?
seen in?

A

2 linear lines
seen in lathi /stick injury

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25
Q

what can induce artificial bruise

A

semicarpus or bilvanol

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26
Q

diff between artificial and actual bruise

A

artificial bruise will have=
1 Vesicles
2 pruritis/itching
3 Absent color change/evolve
4 Absent vital

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27
Q

not vesicle not pruritic?

A

secondary syphillis

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28
Q

R R RB B B for

A

age of abrasion
raw
red
reddish brown
brown
black

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29
Q

negative zone in vital reaction is where?

A

area injured

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30
Q

positive zone in vital reaction is where?

A

area surrounding injury
shows enzymatic reaction

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31
Q

R VIBGYO for?

A

age on contusion /bruise
red
VI= blue
brown
green
yellow
original

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32
Q

original color after bruise when?

A

after 2 weeks

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33
Q

yellow color when after bruise?
due to ?

A

7 - 12 days
bilirubin

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34
Q

green color when after bruise?
due to?

A

5 - 6 days
toidin / biliverdin

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35
Q

brown color when after bruise?
due to?

A

4 days
siderin

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36
Q

blue color when after bruise?
due to ?

A

hrs - 3 days
deoxyhemoglobin

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37
Q

bruise due to which hemorrhage does not show color change

A

subconjunctival hemorrhage
(stays red then disappear)

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38
Q

diff b/w liver mortis and contusion(injury when alive)

A

liver mortis= dependent part
=well defined
= blanch
contusion= extravasation seen
=color change seen

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39
Q

diff b/w antemortem and postmortem clot

A

antemortem clot=firm/dark
=striae of zahn seen
= coralline platelet thrombus
post mortem clot= chicken fat clot

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40
Q

coralline platelet thrombus seen in

A

antemortem clot

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41
Q

striae of zahn seen in?

A

antemortem clot

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42
Q

chicken fat clot seen in

A

postmortem clot

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43
Q

seppuku aka

A

harakiri

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44
Q

mechanism of harakiri/ seppukku

A

fatal wound on stomach=bowels out= VASOVAGAL SHOCK

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45
Q

jigai

A

go for jugular( suicide by injury to internal jugular vein)

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46
Q

incised looking laceration seen in

A

blunt force on bony prominences( eg forehead)

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47
Q

laceration looking incised wound seen in

A

incision in area with lot of soft tissue/ without bone( eg axilla / scrotum)

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48
Q

defense cut seen in ?

A

fingers

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49
Q

hesitation cut?

A

suicidal/ multiple

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50
Q

arborization flower aka

A

filigree burns
Lichtenberg flower

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51
Q

filigree/arborization/ litchenberg seen in

A

lightning burn

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52
Q

crocodile burn in?

A

high voltage electrical injury

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53
Q

flash burn seen in

A

high voltage electrical injury

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54
Q

joule burn

A

low voltage burn

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55
Q

which is more dangerous AC or DC

A

AC more dangerous

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56
Q

most important factor for death in electrical injury

A

amperage

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57
Q

high voltage electrical burn are

A

crocodile burn
flash burn

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58
Q

what type of skin is barrier to electrical current

A

dry skin

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59
Q

mcc of death in electrical injury

A

arrhythmias

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60
Q

effect of electrical injury on muscles?
relation to surgery?

A

crushed muscle injury
rhabdomyolysis is complication in surgery due to use of electrical ligation devices etc

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61
Q

more fluid after surgery due to?
how much

A

rhabdomyolysis due to electrical injury
4ml/kg/% bsa

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62
Q

rigor mortis sets early or late in muscle injury

A

early

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63
Q

boxer’s attitude seen in?
aka?
what kind of attitude

A

burn
pugilistic attitude/ heat stiffening
flexion

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64
Q

pugilistic attitude after burn is due to

A

coagulation of proteins

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65
Q

coagulation of proteins at what temp

A

65 degree Celsius

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66
Q

what is heat rupture

A

splitting of skin due to heat

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67
Q

diff b/w laceration and heat rupture

A

laceration=bleeding
= nerve/ vessels damage
heat rupture=no bleeding
= nerves/ vessels intact

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68
Q

heat# v/s other #
mechanism

A

in heat burst due to ‘evaporation’ outward margins of #
inwards / depressed in other #

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69
Q

EDH with honeycomb appearance due to

A

heat hematoma

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70
Q

hematoma that is bilateral and diffuse

A

Heat hematoma

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71
Q

heat damage due to loss of electrolyte due to sweating

A

heat cramp

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72
Q

heat injury due to loss of electrolyte + fluid

A

heat exhaustion

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73
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus is acting normal in which heat injuries

A

Heat Cramp heat exhaustion

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74
Q

Anterior hypothalamus does not act normally in which heat injury

A

Heat stroke

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75
Q

Core temperature rises in which heat injury

A

Heat stroke

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76
Q

hallmark of heat stroke

A

Neurological dysfunction example confusion

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77
Q

core temperature rises to What degree in heat stroke

A

More than 45 degree

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78
Q

Triad of heat stroke

A

Core temperature more than 45 degree
heat stress
neurological dysfunction

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79
Q
A
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80
Q

In Which type of heat stroke sweating is absent

A

Classical heat stroke

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81
Q

In which type of heat stroke is sweating present

A

Exertional heat stroke

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82
Q

Ulcer for hyperthermia

A

Wishnewsky ulcer

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83
Q

Hide and die is seen in

A

Hypothermia

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84
Q

Paradoxical undressing is seen in

A

Hypothermia

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85
Q

Curling ulcers are seen in

A

Burns

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86
Q

Cushings ulcer due to

A

Head injury

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87
Q

Cameron ulcer due to

A

Sliding hernia- hiatal

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88
Q

Dry heat causes (3)

A

Charring
Singeing
Blackening

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89
Q

Scalding is due to

A

Moist heat

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90
Q

Moist heat at what temperature causes scalding

A

> 65 degree

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91
Q

Features seen in moist heat injury/ scald (3)

A

Blistering
Splashing
Line of redness

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92
Q

Line of redness seen in moist or dry heat

A

Moist heat

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93
Q

Difference between Chemical burn and moist burn

A

Chemical=ulcer / moist= Blistering
Chemical= distict discoloration/ moist=line of redness

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94
Q

Injuries in RTA

A

1 spine injury= whiplash=hyperflexion-hyperextension
2 steering wheel= patterne bruise
3 pelvic# = post• dislocation of hip(m/c)
4 braced leg# = PCL tear
= patella #
5 face injury= sparrow foot marks

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95
Q

Death attributed to accidental injury in how many days

A

30 days

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96
Q

Transverse aortic tear in RTA k/S

A

Lander rung tear

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97
Q

Primary blast injury due to

A

Blast wave

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98
Q

TLC in primary blast injury?

A

Tympanic membrane>
Lungs>
Colon

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99
Q

Secondary blast ( Marshall’s triad) injuries due to

A

Missiles of blast

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100
Q

MRSHALL’S Triad in
secondary blast injuries

A

(ACL)
Abrasion
Contusion
Laceration

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101
Q

Tertiary injuries due to blast are?

A

Head
C-Spine
Fractures

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102
Q

Most common skull #

A

Fissure/Linear

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103
Q

Diff b/w skull suture and skull #

A

Suture has
1 serrations
2 well corticated surface
Skull fracture
1 No serration
2 No cortical surface=clean cut

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104
Q

High chance of brain injury in which #

A

Signature/depressed #

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105
Q

Ping Pong# also k/s?
Seen in?

A

Pond#
Children

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106
Q

Skull # with multiple pieces

A

Comminuted#

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107
Q

Skull # around foramen magnum k/s

A

Ring #

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108
Q

Lucid interval is seen in which brain injury

A

EDH

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109
Q

Will and evidense in Lucifer interval is valine or not

A

Valid

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110
Q

Is person Criminally liable in Lucid interval

A

Yes

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111
Q

Calvin goddard

A

Father of ballistics

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112
Q

Proximal/internal ballistics is of gun or human

A

Of gun

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113
Q

Ballistics when bullet is in air

A

Intermediate / external ballistics

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114
Q

External ballistics is

A

Shot/bullet in air before reaching human

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115
Q

Intermediate ballistics is

A

Shot/bullet in air before reaching human

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116
Q

Terminal ballistics

A

Shot/bullet reached patient/ causing wound

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117
Q

Types of gun

A

Shot gun
Rifle

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118
Q

Which gun gives gyroscopic ability to bullet

A

Rifle

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119
Q

Gyroscopy of bullet caused by

A

Grooves and lands in rifle

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120
Q

Caliber or Bore diameter

A

Distance between lands

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121
Q

Choking is done in?

A

Shot gun

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122
Q

Choking is done for

A

Reducing dispersion

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123
Q

Reduction is dispersion is required to

A

To increase damage by pellets

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124
Q

12 gauge Rifle means?

A

1 pound/ 454 gm of lead makes 12 bullets in that Rifle bore

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125
Q

Primary markings in bullet fingerprinting gives information for

A

Class information
Manufacturer

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126
Q

Secondary marking of bullet gives information for

A

Indivisual gun

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127
Q

Primary or Secondary markings for bullet fingerprinting?

A

Secondary >primary

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128
Q

Derma nitrate test for

A

Gun shot residue

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129
Q

Test for gun shot residue

A

Dermalnitrate test
Best= sem-Edxa

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130
Q

Best test for gun shot residue

A

Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x ray spectroscopy

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131
Q

Fun shot residue collected using

A

Parrafin wax

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132
Q

Iatrogenic manipularion of gun shot wound is known as

A

Kennedy phenomenon

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133
Q

Manually putting a bullet in a stab wound to make it seen like gun shot is known as

A

Rayalasima phenomenon

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134
Q

What does cartridge contain

A

Bullet gun Powder primer

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135
Q

Primer in cartridge is made up of

A

(BLAST)Barium nitrate
lead peroxide
lead styphnate
Antimony sulphide
tetracene

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136
Q

Which barium compound is present in primer of cartridge

A

Barium nitrate

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137
Q

Which Antimony compound is present in primer of cartridge

A

Antimony sulphide

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138
Q

Which lead compound is present in primer of cartridge

A

Lead peroxide and lead styphnate

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139
Q

Types of gunpowder

A

Black smokeless semi smokeless

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140
Q

Black gunpowder is made up of

A

(K C S)
KNo3
Charcoal
Sulphur

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141
Q

K C S present in which part of gun

A

Cartridge
black gunpowder

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142
Q

Types of smokeless gunpowder

A

Single Base
double base
triple base

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143
Q

Nitro Guanidine is present in which gunpowder

A

Only triple base

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144
Q

Composition of double base gunpowder

A

Nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin

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145
Q

Composition of triple based gunpowder

A

Nitrocellulose nitroglycerin and nitroguaidine

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146
Q

Composition of single base gunpowder

A

Only nitrocellulose

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147
Q

80% black gunpowder and 20% smokeless gunpowder is what

A

Semi smokeless gunpowder

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148
Q

What percentage of black gunpowder is present in semi smokeless gunpowder

A

80%

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149
Q

What percent of smokeless gunpowder is present in semi smokeless gunpowder

A

20%

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150
Q

Components that come out of gun on firing

A

Flame smoke unburnt powder bullet

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151
Q

Tattooing is caused by what in Gunshot

A

Unburned powder

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152
Q

Blackening is caused by what in gunshot

A

smoke

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153
Q

Singeing is caused by what in gunshot

A

Flame

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154
Q

Burning is caused by what in Gun shot

A

Flame

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155
Q

B B T are caused by what respectively

A

Burning by flame
Blackening By smoke
tattooing by unburnt powder

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156
Q

Unburnt powder deposits where to cause tattooing

A

dermis

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157
Q

Which among blackening and tattooing can be wiped off

A

Blackening due to smoke

158
Q

Grease collar is Formed by

A

Lubricant /bullet wipe

159
Q

Bullet wipe causes what in gunshot wound

A

Grease collar

160
Q

Abrasion collar In Gunshot wound is due

A

Trauma in surrounding skin

161
Q

Features of entry wound

A

BBT Gc Ac Inverted margins

162
Q

Cruciate shaped bullet wound is Due to shot from what distance

A

Contact shot

163
Q

Cherry red colour of gunshot wound with BBT GC AC Inside or not seen is what distance

A

Contact Gun shot

164
Q

Contact Gunshots are usually seen in which cases

A

Suicide

165
Q

When BBT GC AC all are seen what is the distance

A

close gunshot

166
Q

B B Absent
T Gc Ac Present

A

Near/ Intermediate

167
Q

What gunshot wound features are not seen in near/intermediate Distance

A

B B

168
Q

Tattooing not seen at what distance In gunshot

A

Distant gunshot

169
Q

What features are seen in distant gunshot
What are not seen

A

GC and AC Are seen in distant gunshot
BBT Are not seen

170
Q

Rat hole appearance in shotgun wound is that what distance

A

Near gun shot

171
Q

Partial dispersion with one big and several small gunshot wounds around it seen at what distance

A

Intermediate distance by shotgun

172
Q

Shotgun distance 1 to 2 metres

A

Near gunshot

173
Q

All pallets dispersed individually causing Gun shot wound at what distance

A

Distant gunshot wound by shotgun

174
Q

Shotgun distance 2 to 4 metres

A

Intermediate gun Shot

175
Q

Shotgun distance Less than one metre

A

close gunshot

176
Q

Shotgun distance more than 4 metres

A

Distant gunshot

177
Q

Fired one bullet and one came after it Seen commonly in old guns

A

Piggyback/ Tandem bullet

178
Q

What is a tandem bullet

A

One bullet that comes after another from old guns

179
Q

Partial opening of jacketed bullet known as

A

Dum dum bullet

180
Q

Which bullet is made in India specifically

A

Dum dum bullet

181
Q

bullet That gets completely fragmented known as

A

Friendgible bullet

182
Q

Bullet that Bounced in skull changes direction known as

A

Ricochet bullet

183
Q

Bullet when bounced back Shows entry and exit wound at same side

A

Ricochet bullet

184
Q

Bullet slowly changing Direction but going straight Is known as

A

Yawing bullet

185
Q

Bullet changing direction to go in opposite side Comes back in same direction is known as

A

Tumbling bullet

186
Q

Keyhole injury due to gunshot

A

Bullet going tangentially

187
Q

Tangential Path of bullet on outer table Of skull can cause Which fracture

A

Gutter fracture

188
Q

Evolution of brain in gunshot injury to skull is known as

A

kronlein shot

189
Q

Sequence of skull fracture in gun short is given by which rule

A

puppe’s rule

190
Q

what is puppe’s rule

A

Newer fracture line cannot cross older fracture line

191
Q

Causes of asphyxial death(4)

A

Drowning
Suffocation ( Blocking Airway)
Strangulation
hanging

192
Q

Increased K
Decreased Na and Cl In which drowning

A

fresh water drowning
Due to Hemodilution

193
Q

Main cause of death in freshwater drowning?
due to?

A

arrhythmias

194
Q

Hemoconcentration seeWhich Drowning

A

Saltwater drowning

195
Q

High Mg and high Sr seen in which Drowning

A

Saltwater drowning

196
Q

Death in saltwater drowning is mainly due to

A

Myocardial anoxia
(as myocardium does not get enough oxygen and blood due to hemoconcentration)

197
Q

What are raised in saltwater drowning

A

Na Cl Mg Sr

198
Q

Test to differentiate freshwater and saltwater drowning

A

Gettler’s test

199
Q

Chloride Levels in Gettler’s test is Estimated in

A

Heart chambers

200
Q

what is tested in gettler’s test

A

Chloride ion in heart chambers to differentiate freshwater and saltwater drowning

201
Q

Difference between dry drowning and immersion syndrome

A

Dry drowning due to laryngo Spasm( lungs are dry)
Immersion syndrome Is due to vasovagal shock Due to cold water (increased vagal activity)

202
Q

Dying after immersion due to sepsis or hypothermia is known

A

Near drowning

203
Q

Vasovagal shock in immersion Syndrome is due to

A

Cold water

204
Q

what happens in vasovagal shock

A

High vagal discharge
Causing Cardiac inhibition

205
Q

Four signs of antemortem drowning

A

Cadaveric spasm
Diatom test
Paltauf haemorrhages
Persistent frothing

206
Q

Differentiate cadaveric spasm from rigor Mortis

A

Cadaveric spasm before death posture No relaxation
rigor Mortis Stiffening after Primary relaxation

207
Q

Cadaveric spasm occurs due to

A

Depletion of atp so no relaxation

208
Q

Dead body passing faecal matter due to

A

Primary relaxation

209
Q

Rigor Mortis occurs after

A

Primary relaxation

210
Q

Stages of rigor Mortis

A

12 hours of contraction
12 hours of stiffening
12 hours of relaxation

211
Q

Diatom test for

A

Antemortem vs post mortem drowning

212
Q

Where are diatoms found in body in antemortem drowning

A

Bone marrow
Visera

213
Q

Diatoms are resistant to

A

acid and alkali Denaturation

214
Q

Diatoms are?
shells are made up of?

A

Algae
silica shell

215
Q

Patauf haemorrhages seen in?
Where in body

A

Antemortem Drowning
Pleura of Lungs

216
Q

Patauf haemorrhages seen in which part of lungs

A

Pleura

217
Q

Frothing is seen in ante or post mortem drowning?

A

antemortem drowning

218
Q

Washer woman hand seen in ante or post mortem drowning

A

Not specific Can be seen in both

219
Q

Frothing in antemortem drowning is seen due to

A

Vigorous mixing of air with fluid in lungs

220
Q

Blocking of entire face including nose and mouth is known as

A

smothering

221
Q

Stuffing cloth in mouth/ is known as

A

Gagging

222
Q

Maneuvers in adults for choking

A

hemlich manoeuvre

223
Q

where to thrust in hemlich manoeuvre

A

On xifisternum from behind

224
Q

manoeuvre in babies Less than 2 years for choking

A

5 back thrust
Then 5 chest thrust

225
Q

cafe Coronary is death due to

A

Choking on food (asphyxia)

226
Q

Cafe coronary is seen in what people

A

obese/ Drunk

227
Q

One person sitting on chest another person Blocking airway Is known as

A

burking= Smothering and traumatic asphyxia

228
Q

Traumatic asphyxia seen due to

A

Chest compression

229
Q

What is seen in traumatic asphyxia

A

masque ecchymosis

230
Q

masque ecchymosis is seen in

A

traumatic asphixia

231
Q

Positional asphyxia is mainly due to

A

Jackknife position

232
Q

What is overlaying

A

asphyxia in baby due to overlaying of murder

233
Q

Strangulation by bare hands is knownas

A

Throttling

234
Q

Strangulation from behind by arm is known as

A

Mugging

235
Q

Strangulation using two rods or bamboo sticks known as

A

Bansdola

236
Q

garotting is?

A

spanish windlass

237
Q

chair For strangulation Is known as

A

Spanish Windlass or garrotting

238
Q

Triad of asphyxial death

A

Cyanosis
congestion
Conjunctival spots known as(tardeu spots)

239
Q

tardeu spots due to

A

More flow in upper limb causes rupture of vessels in conjunctiva

240
Q

Direction of marking In hanging

A

Oblique

241
Q

Direction of marking and strangulation

A

transverse

242
Q

Non continuous mark seen in hanging or strangulation

A

Hanging

243
Q

Level of the neck for ligature mark in hanging

A

Above thyroid

244
Q

Level on the neck of Ligature mark in strangulation

A

At or below thyroid

245
Q

Base of lesion in hanging colour

A

Pale hard parchment like

246
Q

Soft and reddish base of Mark in hanging or strangulation

A

Strangulation

247
Q

abducted hyoid fracture In hanging or strangulation

A

Hanging

248
Q

Adducted hyoid fracture In hanging or strangulation

A

Strangulation SAD

249
Q

Surest sign of Antemortem hanging

A

Dribbling of saliva

250
Q

la facie sympathica seen in

A

Hanging

251
Q

In hanging knot presses on sympathetic chain of one side causing Midriasis And open eye k/s

A

la facie sympathica

252
Q

Simon bleeds are seen in which case

A

Hanging

253
Q

what are Simon bleeds

A

Bleeding due to rupture of epidural vessels in hanging due to weight

254
Q

Best method For identification from teeth is

A

F D I method

255
Q

Caucasians have what in their teeth

A

Arabella’s Cusp

256
Q

Gustafson’s criteria For what

A

Identification by teeth in more than 25 years of age

257
Q

Most reliable Feature for Identifying from teeth is

A

Transparency of roots

258
Q

How many temporary Teeth are present in children

A

20

259
Q

Which Temporary Teeth comes at 12months

A

First molar

260
Q

Which Temporary Teeth comes by 18 months

A

Canines

261
Q

Which Temporary Teeth comes by 6 months

A

Lower incisor

262
Q

Which Temporary Teeth comes by 2 years

A

Secondary molars

263
Q

Which teeth are absent in children /Temporary teeth

A

Premolars

264
Q

formula for permanent teeth

A

M1 C1 L1 PM1 PM2 C M2 M3

265
Q

First molar in permanent teeth comes by

A

6 years

266
Q

Second Molar in permanent teeth comes by

A

12 to 14 years

267
Q

3rd molar in permanent teeth comes by

A

17 to 25 years

268
Q

Mixed dentition at what age

A

6 to 11 years

269
Q

How many teeth at 6 to 11 years of age are present in mouth

A

Maximum 24 mixed teeth

270
Q

How many permanent teeth are present in age group 6to 11 years

A

(Age - 5) × 4 = Number of permanent teeth in age group 6 to 11 years
Rest Temporary teeth

271
Q

What is the study of fingerprints

A

Dactylography

272
Q

Galton system is

A

System of dactylography /fingerprints

273
Q

Development of fingerprints in foetus is completed

A

24 weeks

274
Q

Development of fingerprints in foetus is started at

A

14 weeks

275
Q

Fingerprints are different in identical twins is given by which rule

A

Quelet’s rule

276
Q

Study of palatal impressions is known as

A

Rugoscopy

277
Q

Imaging of face over skull for identification is known as

A

superimposition

278
Q

Types of fingerprints

A

arch
Loop
whorl

279
Q

Burns can cause what type of fingerprint loss

A

Complete loss

280
Q

Celiac disease can cause which type of fingerprint loss

A

Complete loss

281
Q

Complete loss of fingerprints is seen in

A

Celiac disease and burns

282
Q

Permanent impairment of fingerprints is seen

A

Radiotherapy electrical injury leprosy

283
Q

Leprosy causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Permanent impairment

284
Q

Radiotherapy causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Permanent impairment

285
Q

Electrical injury causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

permanent impairment

286
Q

Acromegaly causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Change in distance

287
Q

Ricketts causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Change in distance

288
Q

Ridge alteration of fingerprints is caused by

A

Scleroderma
Eczema
Acanthosis nigricans

288
Q

Change in distance of fingerprints is caused by

A

Acromegaly
rickets

289
Q

Scleroderma causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Ridge alteration

290
Q

Eczema causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Ridge alteration

291
Q

acanthosis nigricans causes what type of fingerprint loss

A

Ridge alteration

292
Q

Formula for cephalic index

A

head breadth/ head length ×100

293
Q

Length of skull is measured between

A

glabella to occiput

294
Q

bread Of Skull is measured between

A

Parietal eminences

295
Q

Indian and Asians have what kind of skull

A

mesatocephalic

296
Q

Can nails give dna samples

A

no

297
Q

Can teeth give dna samples

A

yes

298
Q

Differentiation between male and female on the basis of sternum length is known as

A

ashley’s rule

299
Q

According to Ashley’s rule length of sternum in females should be

A

<149mm

300
Q

According to Ashley’s rule length of sternum in males should be

A

> 149mm

301
Q

Rules for insanity

A

Durhan
Curren
Brawner

302
Q

durhan’s rule is for

A

insanity

303
Q

curren’s rule is for

A

insanity

304
Q

Brawner’s rule is for

A

insanity

305
Q

All Insanity rules state

A

Person by insane is not liable for action

306
Q

Which test is product test in insanity

A

durhan’s test

307
Q

Accuracy Of identification on the basis of bones is known as

A

Krogman’s accuracy max

308
Q

Single most Bone for maximum accuracy in identification

A

Pelvis

309
Q

Maximum Krogmen’s accuracy in a single bone is of

A

pelvis

310
Q

In females pelvis all are large and wide

A

O S A larger in males
Obturator foramen
SI joint
Acetabular notch

311
Q

what is corpobasal index

A

Breadth of S1/ breadth of sacrum × 100

312
Q

In maleface all are large and wild except
what is round in females face

A

Frontoparietal eminence
Nasal aperture
Angle of Mandible >120°
Female forehead orbit chin are round

313
Q

Features in female face that are round

A

Forehead orbit chin

314
Q

Angle of Mandible is larger in males or females?
how much?

A

Angle of mandible is larger in females>120°

315
Q

ESHA Ki Wrist for?

A

Age of Fusion of joints

316
Q

Elbow fusion at what age

A

16 years

317
Q

First major joint to fuse completely

A

Elbow at 16 years

318
Q

Last major joint to be fused completely

A

wrist joined at 19 years

319
Q

CRITOE For which joint

A

Ossification point for elbow

320
Q

CRITOE Stands for?
Appear At what ages

A

capitulum -2 years
Radial head -4 years
Internal /medial epicondyle -6 years
trochlea -8 years
olecrenon -10 years
External /lateral epicondyle- 12
years

321
Q

last one to appear among ossification centers of elbow is

A

Lateral epicondyle at 12 years of age

322
Q

Fusion of elbow occurs in sequence

A

LMO
Lateral epicondyle at 14 years
Medial epicondyle at 15 years
olecrenon at 16 years

323
Q

Pneumonic lateral to medial for wrist bones

A

Proximal she looks too pretty
Distal try to catch her

324
Q

Proximal wristbones from lateral to medial

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

325
Q

distal wristbones from lateral to medial medial

A

Trapezium
trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

326
Q

Largest carpal bone

A

capitate

327
Q

which Carpal bone occurs at 3months

A

hamate

328
Q

which carpal bone comes at 2 months

A

biggest capitate

329
Q

which carpal bone comes at 3 years

A

Triquetrum

330
Q

which carpal bone comes at 4 years

A

Lunate

331
Q

which carpal bone comes at 5-6 years

A

S- T- T scaphoid
trapezium
trapezoid

331
Q

which carpal bone comes at 5-6 years

A

S-T-T
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Trapezoid

332
Q

which carpal bone comes at 9- 12 years

A

pisiform

333
Q

Which carpal bone has a hook

A

Hamate

334
Q

Which part of carpal bone Fracture leads to ulnar nerve injury

A

hamate hook

335
Q

Last carpal bone to appear is

A

Pisiform

336
Q

Medial end of clavicle appears at

A

18 to 19 years of age

337
Q

medial end of clavicle fuses at

A

20 to 22 years of age

338
Q

Age from 2 months to 2 years seen by with joints

A

Capitate
Hamate

Capitulum

339
Q

Age from 3 years to 12 years

A

Carpal bones
and elbow joint

340
Q

Age from 12 13 to 16 years

A

Elbow joint

341
Q

Clavicle tells age from ?
To?

A

15 years to 40 years or more

342
Q

Fusion of lower part of Sternum at what age ?
fusion of serum to Xiphoid at what age?

A

15 years
40 years

343
Q

Fusion of sternum with manubrium at what age

A

old age

344
Q

When does lambdoid Suture fuse by

A

45 years

345
Q

which fontanelle is the last one to fuse

A

Anterior fontanelle

346
Q

First fontanelle to fuse is

A

Sphenoidal ( anterolateral)

347
Q

At what age anterolateral or sphenoidal fontanelle is fused

A

2 to 3 months

348
Q

Fontanelle fused by 2 to 6 months

A

Posterior fontanelle

349
Q

Mastoid fontanelle fuses by

A

12 months

350
Q

Anterior fontanelle fuses at

A

1 1/2 and 2 years

351
Q

Postero lateral fontanelle is known as?
Fuses by ?

A

Mastoid
1 year

352
Q

which fontanel fuses by 6months

A

posterior fontanelle

353
Q

Algar mortis can start by

A

15 minutes after death

354
Q

shape of algae Mortis curve

A

Sigmoid

355
Q

rate of algae Mortis

A

Decrease in temperature by 0.7 degree per hour

356
Q

When does algor Mortis not occur

A

PM caloricity

357
Q

Do burns cause postmortem caloricity

A

no

358
Q

Does heat stroke Cause postmortem caloricity

A

yes

359
Q

Factors causing postmortem caloricity

A

Heat stroke
Pontine Hemorrhage
Sepsis
Tetanus
strychnine
cholera

360
Q

Why does tetanus strychnine cause postmortem caloricity

A

Due to increased muscle contraction

361
Q

Why does sepsis cause postmortem caloricity

A

Due to rise in Interleukins

362
Q

Which postmortem changes graph makes plateau

A

lividity

363
Q

Lividity is also known as

A

livor mortis

364
Q

Lividity livor mortis plateau ‘s when

A

18 hours after death

365
Q

lividity / livor mortis Starts when

A

30 mins

366
Q

Lividity is seen where

A

Dependent area

367
Q

Lividity is seen where in hanging

A

feet

368
Q

Lividity is seen where in Drowning

A

face
anterior chest
palms

369
Q

color of lividity in carbon monoxide poisoning

A

cherry red

370
Q

color of lividity in cyanide

A

brick red

371
Q

color of lividity in nitric oxide

A

Chocolate

372
Q

The rule of 12 seen in

A

rigor mortis

373
Q

First muscle to undergo rigor mortis Overall

A

heart/ cardiac muscle

374
Q

First external muscle to undergo rigor mortise

A

eyelid

375
Q

Which rules are applied in Rigor Mortis

A

Nysten’s rule
Rule of 12

376
Q

what is nysten’s rule

A

Rigor mortis occurs in Craniocaudal manner
Face> thorax> ul>abd> ll

377
Q

rigor mortis does not occur in death of what Age of fetus

A

< 7 months

378
Q

Condition when rigor Mortis is late

A

hemorrhage
Asphyxia
Pneumonia

379
Q

Marbeling occurs when?

A

36- 48 hours after death

380
Q

why does marbelling occur

A

due to sulfmethemoglobin

381
Q

Earliest eye change after death

A

kerwokian sign

382
Q

how long after death does kerwokian sign

A

Minutes after death

383
Q

Eye change that occurs 3-6 hours after death

A

tache noir

384
Q

Blackening of sclera exposed after death is known as

A

tache noir

385
Q

Railway track appearance of retinal vessels after death is known as?
occurs when?

A

kerwokian sign
Minutes after death

386
Q

corneal opacification occurs when after death

A

6 hrs after death

387
Q

Corneal opacification is also seen in which death

A

cobra poisoning

388
Q

Best indicator of time since death in eye is

A

k+ in vitreous

389
Q

How does Graph of potassium in vitreous correlates with time since death

A

linearly

390
Q
A

AM (12 decks)

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