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Feeds lecture > Forage Toxicity > Flashcards

Forage Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

Grass tetany other names

A

pasture poisoning
grass staggers
hypomagnesemia

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2
Q

factors that limit Mg availability

A

-low Ca and Mg levels in forages
-grazing fall and winter cereal grains pastures

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3
Q

symptoms of grass tetany

A

-twitching and falling down
-loss of muscle control
-convulsions
-nervousness/excitement

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4
Q

-how quickly can cows die from grass tetany

A

within hours of symptoms starting

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5
Q

treatment for grass tetany

A

IV magnesium

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6
Q

cattle at higher risk for grass tetany

A

pregnant or lactating
older cattle

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7
Q

T/F horses are less likely to suffer from grass tetany then ruminant animals

A

TRUE

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8
Q

prevention of grass tetany

A

-apply limestone to acid/sandy soils
-graze dry/stocker cows in pastures that could cause it
-supplement Mg

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9
Q

Mg supplementation, and their drawbacks

A

-Mg oxide: not very palatable, expensive
-Mg in liquid feed: difficult to get 2 oz/hd/day
-Mg source in range cubes

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10
Q

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema other names

A

fog lung
lungers

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11
Q

causes of ABPE

A

-switch from low quality forage to very high quality forage
-tryptophan is converted to 3-methylindoe

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12
Q

what is the end toxic species that causes ABPE

A

3-methylindole

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13
Q

what grass is most commonly associated with ABPE

A

Bermuda grass

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14
Q

clinical signs of ABPE

A

-labored breathing
-respiratory distress
-grunting
-extension of tongue/drooling

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15
Q

animals at higher risk of ABPE

A

-cattle
-mature animals

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16
Q

T/F nursing calves are highly susceptible to ABPE

A

FALSE. they rarely get it since they dont graze as much

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17
Q

which cattle breed is less susceptible to ABPE

A

Brahman(bos indicus)

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18
Q

treatment of ABPE

A

-no treatment to reverse damage
-slowly remove cattle from offending pasture to prevent continued damage

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19
Q

prevention of ABPE

A

-gradually introduce to lush pastures
-feed hay before introducing to a lush pasture
-supplement rumensin

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20
Q

causes of dallisgrass poisoning

A

seedheads of mature dallisgrass become infected with fungus that produces ergot toxin

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21
Q

where does ergot infection most commonly occur

A

eastern regions of Texas

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22
Q

clinical signs of dallisgrass poisoning

A

-hyperexcitement
-stumbling
-muscle trembles
-incorordination

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23
Q

T/F animals do not typically die from dallisgrass poisoning

A

TRUE

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24
Q

T/F horses are not affected by dallisgrass poisoning

A

FALSE. if they eat hay containing infected seeds they will get sick, eating the seed is less common bc they are not grazers

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25
Q

treatment of dallisgrass poisoning

A

-slowly remove cattle from pasture
-provide supportive care

26
Q

prevention of dallisgrass poisoning

A

shred mature dallisgrass to height of 8 in(dont let seed heads form)

27
Q

nitrate toxicity

A

nitrate is converted to nitrite in the rumen which oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin which can not hold O2

28
Q

factors that cause nitrate concentrations to increase

A

drought
frost damage
extensive shade
herbicide treatment
high soil nitrate

29
Q

what grass often leads to nitrate poisoning

A

johnsongrass

30
Q

what is nitrate typically converted to, what stops this cause nitrate poisoning

A

Ammonia. rate of NH3 usage decreases nitrate will build up and be converted to nitrite

31
Q

clinical signs of nitrate poisoning

A

colic pain
diarrhea
dyspnea
staggering
abortion

32
Q

what toxicity causes “chocolate blood”

A

nitrate poisoning

33
Q

how fast can nitrate poisoning symptoms occur

A

.5-1 hour post ingestion

34
Q

animals most susceptible to nitrate poisoning

A

ruminants

35
Q

treatment of nitrate toxicity

A

methylene blue intravenously
(6 month withdrawal time)

36
Q

prevention of nitrate toxicity

A

-have nitrate levels analyzed
-dont feed forages with greater than 1.5% nitrate on a DM basis
-feed grains in tandem with higher nitrate forages

37
Q

what is the rule of thumb regarding nitrate levels

A

feed 1 lb of corn per day for each 0.1% nitrate in excess of 1%

38
Q

cause of prussic acid poisoning

A

-plants high in prussic acid/HCN
-Microbes convert HCN into cyanide
-cyanide prevents cells from absorbing O2

39
Q

factors that cause elevated prussic acid concentrations

A

drought’
frost damage
rain following drought
herbicide trearment

40
Q

forages commonly associated with prussic acid poisoning

A

sorghum
johnsongrass
Tifton 85

41
Q

what feature will grass high in prussic acid have

A

ribbon-like waves on leaf

42
Q

clinical signs of prussic acid poisoning

A

-excitement
-dyspnea
-hyperpnea
-cyanosis
-tachycardia
-unconsciousness
-cherry red venous blood

43
Q

how quickly can prussic acid poisoning kill

A

within minutes of exposure

44
Q

animals most susceptible to prussic acid poisoning

A

ruminants, microbes have enzymes that release prussic acid

45
Q

treatment for prussic acid poisoning

A

-administer sodium nitrate followed by sodium thiosulfate intravenously

46
Q

prevention of prussic acid poisoning

A

do not graze new-growth sorghum plants or graze them with full rumens

47
Q

kleingrass poisoning

A

saponins in kleingrass can not be detoxified by liver and cause liver damage, leading to no chlorophyll breakdown

48
Q

clinical signs of kleingrass toxicity

A

photosensitivity
discharge from eyes and nose

49
Q

why does kleingrass poisoning cause photosensitivity

A

extra chlorophyll in skin

50
Q

what toxicity causes “big head syndrome”

A

kleingrass poisoning

51
Q

what animals are at highest risk of kleingrass poisoning

A

sheep, goats, and horses

52
Q

prevention of kleingrass toxicity

A

-remove animals from pasture and into the shade

53
Q

cause of fescue grass toxicity

A

alkaloids produced by a fungus found in the forage

54
Q

clinical signs of fescue toxicity

A

-reduced feed intake
-reduced milk production
-lower conception rates
-abortion
-rough hair coat
reduced blood flow to extremities(fescue foot)

55
Q

what does fescue grass produce that is toxic

A

endophyte

56
Q

T/F maintaining endophyte-free fescue grass is a easy way to prevent fescue toxicity

A

FALSE. while it works for a time, fescue grass containing endophyte will eventually come back

57
Q

animals most susceptible to fescue toxicity

A

cattle
horses

58
Q

treatment of fescue grass toxicity

A

supportive therepy

59
Q

prevention of fescue toxicity

A

-observe animals
-graze fescue pastures intermittently
-mixed species pastures

60
Q

genetic prevention of fescue toxicity

A

T-snip genetic markers
0-1=susceptible
4-5=tolerant

Feeds lecture (18 decks)

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