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Feeds lecture > Comparative Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Comparative Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

do plants or animals store more energy as carbohydrates

A

plants

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2
Q

hardware disease

A

dense/foreign object settling in the reticulum

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3
Q

3 main VFAs

A

acetate
propionate
butyrate

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4
Q

does cattle spend more time eating or ruminating

A

ruminating

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5
Q

what percent of ruminant energy requirement is supplied by VFAs produced by anaerobic microbes

A

65-75%

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6
Q

what makes up 2/3 of the equine digestive tract

A

hindgut

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7
Q

factors that affect water intake

A

physiological function
physical activity
diet composition
feed intake
water quality
temp

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8
Q

if water availability/quality decreases what is the subsequent change to feed intake and productivity

A

both decrease

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9
Q

sources of water

A

drinking water
water in feed
metabolic water

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10
Q

free choice water intake equation

A

-91.1 + (2.93 x DMI) + (0.61 x DM%) + (0.062 x NaK) + (2.49 x CP%) + (0.76 x TMP)

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11
Q

average amount of CHO on a DM basis in animal feeds

A

60-85%

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12
Q

types of glycosidic bonds

A

a glycosidic: can be broken by mammalian enzymes
B glycosidic: can only be broken by microbial enzymes

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13
Q

T/F maltose and cellobiose have the same build and only differ in bond type

A

TRUE

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14
Q

sucrose

A

glucose-fructose
a-bond

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15
Q

maltose

A

glucose-glucose
a-bond

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16
Q

cellobiose

A

glucose-glucose
B-bond

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17
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose
maltose
cellobiose

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18
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch
pectins
xylan
fructans
cellulose
hemicellulose

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19
Q

starch makeup

A

glucose, a-bonds

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20
Q

pectin makeup

A

hexose and pentose
a-bonds
not digestible by amylase

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21
Q

xylan

A

xylans
B-bonds

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22
Q

fructans

A

fructose
B-bonds

23
Q

cellulose

A

glucose
B-bonds

24
Q

hemicellulose

A

hexose and pentose
B-bonds

25
Q

starch carbohydrate digestion

A

-mouth: salivary amylase
-stomach: not digested in non ruminants
SI: enzymatic digestion(p. amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase)
LI: fermentative digestion

26
Q

enzymatic digestion of starch in SI

A

starch—amylase–>dextrins
dextrins–amylase–>maltose
maltose–maltase–>2 glucose
lactose–lactase–>glu +gal
sucrose–sucrase–>glu + fru

27
Q

enzymatic digestion of fiber

A

cellulose–cellulase–>glucose
glu–>2 acetate+CO2+ CH4+ heat
glu–>2 propionate + H2O
glu–>1 butyrate + CO2 + CH4

28
Q

how do hay and corn have the same amount of protein, fat content, and CHO but very different TDN

A

hay dominant CHO is fiber
corn dominant CHO is starch

29
Q

how many kcals of heat/gram in lipids

A

9.45

30
Q

how many kcals of heat/gram in carbohydrates

A

4.2

31
Q

true fats

A

long chain fatty acids linked by ester bonds with GLYCEROL

32
Q

waxes

A

long chain fatty acids with ester bonds linked with ALCOHOL

33
Q

what enzyme breaks down polyglycerides

A

lipase

34
Q

why does biohydration occur in the rumen

A

rumen is high in H+ atoms and wants to be lower

35
Q

biohydrongenation

A

unsaturated fatty acids being converted to saturated fatty acids

36
Q

hydrolyzation

A

triglycerides broken into glycerol and LCFA

37
Q

fermentation of fatty acids

A

glycerol fermented to VFAs

38
Q

steps of fermentative digestion of fatty acids

A

hydrolyzation
fermentation
biohydrogenation

39
Q

what is beef higher in saturated fatty acids than other meats

A

due to biohydrogenation in the rumen

40
Q

what is the biggest difference between the profile of LCFA n the SI of ruminants vs non ruminants

A

non ruminants: profile is the same as whats consumed
ruminants: profile is different that whats consumed

41
Q

true protein

A

protein made of amino acids

42
Q

non protein nitrogen

A

compounds that can be converted to proteins by bacterial action in ruminants

43
Q

where are peptide bonds hydrolyzed

A

small intestine

44
Q

what is dipeptidase secreted by

A

small intestine

45
Q

where is pepsinogen secreted into

A

stomach

46
Q

trypsin is secreted by what into what?

A

by pancreas
into small intestine

47
Q

what is enterokinase secreted by

A

duodenum

48
Q

chymotrypsin is secreted by what into what

A

by pancreas
into small intestine

49
Q

procarboxypeptidase is secreted by what into what

A

by pancreas
into small intestine

50
Q

what is the purpose of rumen bypass feed

A

to have more RUP(AA profile changes less)

51
Q

why are AA produced in the hindgut not absorbed

A

LI only allows for passive diffusion and AA are too big for that

52
Q

macrominerals(7)

A

calcium
phosphorus
sodium
chlorine
potassium
magnesium
sulfur

53
Q

microminerals(8)

A

chromium
cobalt
copper
iodine
iron
manganese
molybdenum
nickel
selenium
zinc

54
Q

what minerals can not be synthesized even by rumen microbes

A

A, D, E

Feeds lecture (9 decks)

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