Comparative Animal Nutrition

Question 1

do plants or animals store more energy as carbohydrates

Answer 1

plants

Question 2

hardware disease

Answer 2

dense/foreign object settling in the reticulum

Question 3

3 main VFAs

Answer 3

acetate
propionate
butyrate

Question 4

does cattle spend more time eating or ruminating

Answer 4

ruminating

Question 5

what percent of ruminant energy requirement is supplied by VFAs produced by anaerobic microbes

Answer 5

65-75%

Question 6

what makes up 2/3 of the equine digestive tract

Answer 6

hindgut

Question 7

factors that affect water intake

Answer 7

physiological function
physical activity
diet composition
feed intake
water quality
temp

Question 8

if water availability/quality decreases what is the subsequent change to feed intake and productivity

Answer 8

both decrease

Question 9

sources of water

Answer 9

drinking water
water in feed
metabolic water

Question 10

free choice water intake equation

Answer 10

-91.1 + (2.93 x DMI) + (0.61 x DM%) + (0.062 x NaK) + (2.49 x CP%) + (0.76 x TMP)

Question 11

average amount of CHO on a DM basis in animal feeds

Answer 11

60-85%

Question 12

types of glycosidic bonds

Answer 12

a glycosidic: can be broken by mammalian enzymes
B glycosidic: can only be broken by microbial enzymes

Question 13

T/F maltose and cellobiose have the same build and only differ in bond type

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

sucrose

Answer 14

glucose-fructose
a-bond

Question 15

maltose

Answer 15

glucose-glucose
a-bond

Question 16

cellobiose

Answer 16

glucose-glucose
B-bond

Question 17

disaccharides

Answer 17

sucrose
maltose
cellobiose

Question 18

polysaccharides

Answer 18

starch
pectins
xylan
fructans
cellulose
hemicellulose

Question 19

starch makeup

Answer 19

glucose, a-bonds

Question 20

pectin makeup

Answer 20

hexose and pentose
a-bonds
not digestible by amylase

Question 21

xylan

Answer 21

xylans
B-bonds

Question 22

fructans

Answer 22

fructose
B-bonds

Question 23

cellulose

Answer 23

glucose
B-bonds

Question 24

hemicellulose

Answer 24

hexose and pentose
B-bonds

Question 25

starch carbohydrate digestion

Answer 25

-mouth: salivary amylase -stomach: not digested in non ruminants SI: enzymatic digestion(p. amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase) LI: fermentative digestion

Question 26

enzymatic digestion of starch in SI

Answer 26

starch---amylase-->dextrins dextrins--amylase-->maltose maltose--maltase-->2 glucose lactose--lactase-->glu +gal sucrose--sucrase-->glu + fru

Question 27

enzymatic digestion of fiber

Answer 27

cellulose--cellulase-->glucose glu-->2 acetate+CO2+ CH4+ heat glu-->2 propionate + H2O glu-->1 butyrate + CO2 + CH4

Question 28

how do hay and corn have the same amount of protein, fat content, and CHO but very different TDN

Answer 28

hay dominant CHO is fiber corn dominant CHO is starch

Question 29

how many kcals of heat/gram in lipids

Answer 29

9.45

Question 30

how many kcals of heat/gram in carbohydrates

Answer 30

4.2

Question 31

true fats

Answer 31

long chain fatty acids linked by ester bonds with GLYCEROL

Question 32

waxes

Answer 32

long chain fatty acids with ester bonds linked with ALCOHOL

Question 33

what enzyme breaks down polyglycerides

Answer 33

lipase

Question 34

why does biohydration occur in the rumen

Answer 34

rumen is high in H+ atoms and wants to be lower

Question 35

biohydrongenation

Answer 35

unsaturated fatty acids being converted to saturated fatty acids

Question 36

hydrolyzation

Answer 36

triglycerides broken into glycerol and LCFA

Question 37

fermentation of fatty acids

Answer 37

glycerol fermented to VFAs

Question 38

steps of fermentative digestion of fatty acids

Answer 38

hydrolyzation fermentation biohydrogenation

Question 39

what is beef higher in saturated fatty acids than other meats

Answer 39

due to biohydrogenation in the rumen

Question 40

what is the biggest difference between the profile of LCFA n the SI of ruminants vs non ruminants

Answer 40

non ruminants: profile is the same as whats consumed ruminants: profile is different that whats consumed

Question 41

true protein

Answer 41

protein made of amino acids

Question 42

non protein nitrogen

Answer 42

compounds that can be converted to proteins by bacterial action in ruminants

Question 43

where are peptide bonds hydrolyzed

Answer 43

small intestine

Question 44

what is dipeptidase secreted by

Answer 44

small intestine

Question 45

where is pepsinogen secreted into

Answer 45

stomach

Question 46

trypsin is secreted by what into what?

Answer 46

by pancreas into small intestine

Question 47

what is enterokinase secreted by

Answer 47

duodenum

Question 48

chymotrypsin is secreted by what into what

Answer 48

by pancreas into small intestine

Question 49

procarboxypeptidase is secreted by what into what

Answer 49

by pancreas into small intestine

Question 50

what is the purpose of rumen bypass feed

Answer 50

to have more RUP(AA profile changes less)

Question 51

why are AA produced in the hindgut not absorbed

Answer 51

LI only allows for passive diffusion and AA are too big for that

Question 52

macrominerals(7)

Answer 52

calcium phosphorus sodium chlorine potassium magnesium sulfur

Question 53

microminerals(8)

Answer 53

chromium cobalt copper iodine iron manganese molybdenum nickel selenium zinc

Question 54

what minerals can not be synthesized even by rumen microbes

Answer 54

A, D, E