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Feeds lecture > Feedstuff Charscterization > Flashcards

Feedstuff Charscterization Flashcards

1
Q

classes of cut dried forage

A

grasses
legumes
forbs
browse

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2
Q

T/F all ruminants generally have a similar preference for forages

A

FALSE. cows prefer grasses and goats prefer shrubs/trees

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3
Q

mineral supplements

A

bone meal
calcium carbonate
limestone

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4
Q

vitamin supplements

A

fish oil
wheat germ
vitamin A acetate
Vitamin D3 acetate

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5
Q

classes of feed additives

A

antibiotics
buffers
antioxidants
chemical preservatives
pellet binding agents
probiotics

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6
Q

what type of feed is generally high in calcium

A

roughages

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7
Q

what type of feed is generally high in phosphorous

A

concentrates

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8
Q

what type of feed are cereal grains

A

carbonaceous concentrates

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9
Q

milling by products of cereal grains

A

gluten feed
middlings
hominy feed
grain screenings
misc

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10
Q

by-product dry feeds for carbonaceous concentrates

A

beet pulp
citrus pulp
dried bakery products

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11
Q

T/F the dry feed by products of cereal grains have much lower energy that the cereal grains themselves

A

FALSE. they can have energy equal to the cereal grains

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12
Q

types of grain processing

A

hammer milling
dry rolling
steam flaking
high moisture reconsituted

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13
Q

what are the top two plant based sourced of quality ptotein

A

1-SBM
2-canola meal

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14
Q

which species can meat and bone meal not be fed to? why?

A

ruminants/cows. BSE

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15
Q

warm season grasses

A

indian grass
switchgrass
side-oats gamma
buffalo grass
lovegrass
bermuda grass(tifton 85)
dallisgrass
bahiagrass
kleingrass
johnsongrass
forage sorghum
sudangrass
crabgrass
pearl millet
sorghum-sudan hybrids

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16
Q

cool season grasses

A

timothy
kentucky bluegrass
smooth bromegrass
orchardgrass
tell fescue
ryegrass
wheatgrass
oats
barley
triticale

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17
Q

what part of the plant is used for corn silage

A

the whole plant

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18
Q

what part of the plant is used for sorghum silage

A

whole plant chopped

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19
Q

what part of the plant is used for stover silage

A

plant residue left after harvest

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20
Q

T/F immature forages are proteinaceous roughages and mature are carbonaceous roughages

A

TRUE

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21
Q

what type of feed are legumes

A

proteinaceous roughages

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22
Q

where is direct-cut silage used

A

dairies

23
Q

pasture grazing systems

A

continuous grazing
strip grazing
rotational grazing
first-last rotational grazing
limit grazing
creep grazing

24
Q

what is the least efficient grazing system

A

continuous grazing

25
Q

what is strip grazing

A

using temporary fences to keep cattle in a smaller section of a large pasture

26
Q

rotational grazing

A

many smaller segments in pasture that cattle rotate through

27
Q

disadvantages of rotational grazing

A

labor intensive
water must be in every segment

28
Q

what can be used to decrease labor in rotational grazing

A

virtual fence collars

29
Q

first-last rotational grazing

A

rotational grazing but with 2 groups. High energy requirement animals graze section first then lower animals graze after

30
Q

limit grazing

A

2 pastures, one with high quality, one with low quality. cattle have limited access to high quality

31
Q

creep grazing

A

similar to limit grazing, nursing animals have free reign to high quality but not adults

32
Q

methods of using forage

A

pasture grazing
hay
direct-cut silage
silage

33
Q

what must the moisture content be to bail hay

A

15% or less

34
Q

hay making systems

A

loose haystacks
bailed
pellets

35
Q

3 reasons for hay loss

A

metabolic loss
weather loss
mechanical loss

36
Q

metabolic loss for hay

A

as hay dries respiration continues causing loss of carbohydrates

37
Q

weather loss for hay

A

prolongs respiration
leach soluble nutrients

38
Q

mechanical loss

A

leaf shattering

38
Q

strategies to prevent hay field losses

A

mower-conditioner
drying agents
preservatives
silage wrappers

39
Q

how doe mower-conditioner decrease field losses

A

decrease drying time of stems

40
Q

when are drying agents applied

A

when plant is cut

41
Q

how do preservatives decrease field loss

A

allow hay to be bailed with 30% moisture instead of 15%

42
Q

when are preservatives applied to prevent hay loss

A

when plants are bailed

43
Q

disadvantages to preservatives

A

they are made from propionic acid which is caustic and can damage machines if not cleaned well

44
Q

how do silage wrappers decrease field loss

A

create air tight wrap allowing hay to be bailed with 50% moisture

45
Q

types of feeders ranked from most hay loss to least

A

open-bottom ring feeder
sheeted-bottom ring feeder
sheeted-bottom cone feeder

46
Q

T/F limiting the time cows have access to hay is a good way to decrease feed loss

A

true

47
Q

length of fermentation process for silage

A

2-3 weeks

48
Q

disadvantages of silage

A

inflexibility in marketing
expensive equipment

49
Q

types of silos

A

air-tight upright
stave upright
plastic air-tight
horizontal concrete trench
horizontal dirt trench

50
Q

what is the most popular silo type

A

horizontal concrete trench

51
Q

how long does the aerobic phase of silage take

A

1 day

52
Q

what kills anaerobic microbes in silos

A

acetic acid is produced lowering the pH, when pH hits 4 microbes die

Feeds lecture (18 decks)

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