Feedstuff Charscterization Flashcards
classes of cut dried forage
grasses
legumes
forbs
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T/F all ruminants generally have a similar preference for forages
FALSE. cows prefer grasses and goats prefer shrubs/trees
mineral supplements
bone meal
calcium carbonate
limestone
vitamin supplements
fish oil
wheat germ
vitamin A acetate
Vitamin D3 acetate
classes of feed additives
antibiotics
buffers
antioxidants
chemical preservatives
pellet binding agents
probiotics
what type of feed is generally high in calcium
roughages
what type of feed is generally high in phosphorous
concentrates
what type of feed are cereal grains
carbonaceous concentrates
milling by products of cereal grains
gluten feed
middlings
hominy feed
grain screenings
misc
by-product dry feeds for carbonaceous concentrates
beet pulp
citrus pulp
dried bakery products
T/F the dry feed by products of cereal grains have much lower energy that the cereal grains themselves
FALSE. they can have energy equal to the cereal grains
types of grain processing
hammer milling
dry rolling
steam flaking
high moisture reconsituted
what are the top two plant based sourced of quality ptotein
1-SBM
2-canola meal
which species can meat and bone meal not be fed to? why?
ruminants/cows. BSE
warm season grasses
indian grass
switchgrass
side-oats gamma
buffalo grass
lovegrass
bermuda grass(tifton 85)
dallisgrass
bahiagrass
kleingrass
johnsongrass
forage sorghum
sudangrass
crabgrass
pearl millet
sorghum-sudan hybrids
cool season grasses
timothy
kentucky bluegrass
smooth bromegrass
orchardgrass
tell fescue
ryegrass
wheatgrass
oats
barley
triticale
what part of the plant is used for corn silage
the whole plant
what part of the plant is used for sorghum silage
whole plant chopped
what part of the plant is used for stover silage
plant residue left after harvest
T/F immature forages are proteinaceous roughages and mature are carbonaceous roughages
TRUE
what type of feed are legumes
proteinaceous roughages
where is direct-cut silage used
dairies
pasture grazing systems
continuous grazing
strip grazing
rotational grazing
first-last rotational grazing
limit grazing
creep grazing
what is the least efficient grazing system
continuous grazing
what is strip grazing
using temporary fences to keep cattle in a smaller section of a large pasture
rotational grazing
many smaller segments in pasture that cattle rotate through
disadvantages of rotational grazing
labor intensive
water must be in every segment
what can be used to decrease labor in rotational grazing
virtual fence collars
first-last rotational grazing
rotational grazing but with 2 groups. High energy requirement animals graze section first then lower animals graze after
limit grazing
2 pastures, one with high quality, one with low quality. cattle have limited access to high quality
creep grazing
similar to limit grazing, nursing animals have free reign to high quality but not adults
methods of using forage
pasture grazing
hay
direct-cut silage
silage
what must the moisture content be to bail hay
15% or less
hay making systems
loose haystacks
bailed
pellets
3 reasons for hay loss
metabolic loss
weather loss
mechanical loss
metabolic loss for hay
as hay dries respiration continues causing loss of carbohydrates
weather loss for hay
prolongs respiration
leach soluble nutrients
mechanical loss
leaf shattering
strategies to prevent hay field losses
mower-conditioner
drying agents
preservatives
silage wrappers
how doe mower-conditioner decrease field losses
decrease drying time of stems
when are drying agents applied
when plant is cut
how do preservatives decrease field loss
allow hay to be bailed with 30% moisture instead of 15%
when are preservatives applied to prevent hay loss
when plants are bailed
disadvantages to preservatives
they are made from propionic acid which is caustic and can damage machines if not cleaned well
how do silage wrappers decrease field loss
create air tight wrap allowing hay to be bailed with 50% moisture
types of feeders ranked from most hay loss to least
open-bottom ring feeder
sheeted-bottom ring feeder
sheeted-bottom cone feeder
T/F limiting the time cows have access to hay is a good way to decrease feed loss
true
length of fermentation process for silage
2-3 weeks
disadvantages of silage
inflexibility in marketing
expensive equipment
types of silos
air-tight upright
stave upright
plastic air-tight
horizontal concrete trench
horizontal dirt trench
what is the most popular silo type
horizontal concrete trench
how long does the aerobic phase of silage take
1 day
what kills anaerobic microbes in silos
acetic acid is produced lowering the pH, when pH hits 4 microbes die
