foot and ankle structure and function - final exam

Question 1

Forefoot includes:

Answer 1

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 2

Midfoot includes:

Answer 2

navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms
2nd MT is a keystone in between medial and lateral cuneiforms

Question 3

Rearfoot includes:

Answer 3

talus and calcaneus

Question 4

Lateral foot or column:
–include
–function
–______ lig. are a storehouse of PE on ___________ arch

Answer 4

4th and 5th rays and cuboid and calcaneus
shock absorption from heel strike and just before heel off
stong; lateral longitudinal

Question 5

Medial foot or column:
–include
–function
–_________ ligamentous support vs lateral column

Answer 5

1st thru 3rd rays and cuneiforms and talus
propulsion just before heel off to toe-off
less

Question 6

The lateral and medial column is a 50/50 split? T or F

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Medial foot or column:
–include
–function
–_________ ligamentous support vs lateral column

Answer 7

1st thru 3rd rays and cuneiforms and talus
propulsion just before heel-off to toe-off
less

Question 8

DF w/ knee extended during heel/toe off ____-_____º
w/knee flexed during stairs: ascent _____-______º / descent ______-_____

Answer 8

10-15º
15-25º / 20-35º

Question 9

PF ____-_____º for walking and stairs
—limited DF more than _______ due to less need for ADLs
–1st MTP hyperext - at least _____º at heel/toe off

Answer 9

15-30º
PF
65º

Question 10

Arches are maintained by:

Answer 10

ligamentous and aponeurosis - MOST support
shape of bones and their relation to each other
muscles (only 15-20% support - minimal ability to strengthen arch)

Question 11

Subtalar Joint Neutral (STJN)
Talus _______ in talocrural and on calcanues aka the______ the talus should be in

Answer 11

centered; postion

Question 12

STJN measurements are reliable and valid. T or F

Answer 12

False; better methods should be pursued

Question 13

What is more valid than STJN measurement?

Answer 13

Measuring medial longitudinal arch (MLA)
-dynamic > static

Question 14

Heel strike w/ supination: _____,______, and ______
—PF eccentrically controlled PRIMARILY by ____________

Answer 14

PF, IV, and Add
Tibialias Anterior

Question 15

Foot Flat through Heel Off w/ pronation: ________,______, and ________
–EV MAXIMALLY occurring and eccentrically and PRIMARILY controlled by __________
–MAXIMAL ankle DF and Talar ER with _____ of foot

Answer 15

DF, EV, and aBd
Tibialis Posterior
aBd

Question 16

Midstance through Heel Off
–knee______ and hip _____MAXIMALLY ext/hyperext (up to ___º)

Answer 16

ER;IR; 10º

Question 17

Midstance through Heel Off
–PE built through: (5)

Answer 17

foot ligaments
middle and posterior ankle ligaments
ankle PFs
Interreosies membrane as tib fib ligaments sperarte with DF
knee and hip structure

Question 18

Heel off to Toe off:
1st ray _________ MOST of the load of foot
1st MTP MAXIMALLY _________ and ________ built through plantar fascia tightening

Answer 18

bears
hyperext
PE

Question 19

Toe off to Swing:
–all of _____ is released and opposing motion occurs for ________

–great toe ____
–ankle _____ and talus _____
–knee ____ and _____
–Hip _____ and ____

Answer 19

PE; propulsion

flexes
PF; IR
flexes; IR
flexes; ER

Question 20

What would you expect to see with common abnormalities of foot and ankle structure and function? (2)

Answer 20

excessive pronation and impaired DF

Question 21

What is excessive pronation?

Answer 21

earlier extended and/or excessive combination of DF, EV and abduction

Question 22

Pronation may become excessive if __________ is present
More commonly: (2)

Answer 22

hypermobility/instability
1. tibifib or talocrural hypermobility.instablity
2 impaired LE control: top-down influence

Question 23

Least common cause of excessive pronation?

Answer 23

subtalar or medial knee hypemobility

Question 24

Pronation may become excessive if ________ hypomobility is present
–limited talocrural DF may lead to _______ and ______ excessively EV and ABD
–limited knee ______ may lead to excessive ankle ____
–hip won’t compensate bc hip is _______ whereas knee and talus both ____

Answer 24

adjacent joint
midfoot and forefoot
ext;DF
IR; ER

Question 25

excessive pronation can be associated with?

Answer 25

may be associated w/ several LQ conditions such as
foot plantar fasciitis, tarsal tunnel, Mortons, OA, Hallux valgus
Leg and Ankle: Achilles tendinopathy, Severs , MTSS

Question 26

Limited DF may lead to:
–excessively loading lateral foot and staying in ________ longer make lateral ankle sprains more ________
compensatory and excessive knee _____

Answer 26

supination; common
ext