foot and ankle structure and function - final exam Flashcards
Forefoot includes:
metatarsals and phalanges
Midfoot includes:
navicular, cuboid and cuneiforms
2nd MT is a keystone in between medial and lateral cuneiforms
Rearfoot includes:
talus and calcaneus
Lateral foot or column:
–include
–function
–______ lig. are a storehouse of PE on ___________ arch
4th and 5th rays and cuboid and calcaneus
shock absorption from heel strike and just before heel off
stong; lateral longitudinal
Medial foot or column:
–include
–function
–_________ ligamentous support vs lateral column
1st thru 3rd rays and cuneiforms and talus
propulsion just before heel off to toe-off
less
The lateral and medial column is a 50/50 split? T or F
False
Medial foot or column:
–include
–function
–_________ ligamentous support vs lateral column
1st thru 3rd rays and cuneiforms and talus
propulsion just before heel-off to toe-off
less
DF w/ knee extended during heel/toe off ____-_____º
w/knee flexed during stairs: ascent _____-______º / descent ______-_____
10-15º
15-25º / 20-35º
PF ____-_____º for walking and stairs
—limited DF more than _______ due to less need for ADLs
–1st MTP hyperext - at least _____º at heel/toe off
15-30º
PF
65º
Arches are maintained by:
ligamentous and aponeurosis - MOST support
shape of bones and their relation to each other
muscles (only 15-20% support - minimal ability to strengthen arch)
Subtalar Joint Neutral (STJN)
Talus _______ in talocrural and on calcanues aka the______ the talus should be in
centered; postion
STJN measurements are reliable and valid. T or F
False; better methods should be pursued
What is more valid than STJN measurement?
Measuring medial longitudinal arch (MLA)
-dynamic > static
Heel strike w/ supination: _____,______, and ______
—PF eccentrically controlled PRIMARILY by ____________
PF, IV, and Add
Tibialias Anterior
Foot Flat through Heel Off w/ pronation: ________,______, and ________
–EV MAXIMALLY occurring and eccentrically and PRIMARILY controlled by __________
–MAXIMAL ankle DF and Talar ER with _____ of foot
DF, EV, and aBd
Tibialis Posterior
aBd
Midstance through Heel Off
–knee______ and hip _____MAXIMALLY ext/hyperext (up to ___º)
ER;IR; 10º
Midstance through Heel Off
–PE built through: (5)
foot ligaments
middle and posterior ankle ligaments
ankle PFs
Interreosies membrane as tib fib ligaments sperarte with DF
knee and hip structure
Heel off to Toe off:
1st ray _________ MOST of the load of foot
1st MTP MAXIMALLY _________ and ________ built through plantar fascia tightening
bears
hyperext
PE
Toe off to Swing:
–all of _____ is released and opposing motion occurs for ________
–great toe ____
–ankle _____ and talus _____
–knee ____ and _____
–Hip _____ and ____
PE; propulsion
flexes
PF; IR
flexes; IR
flexes; ER
What would you expect to see with common abnormalities of foot and ankle structure and function? (2)
excessive pronation and impaired DF
What is excessive pronation?
earlier extended and/or excessive combination of DF, EV and abduction
Pronation may become excessive if __________ is present
More commonly: (2)
hypermobility/instability
1. tibifib or talocrural hypermobility.instablity
2 impaired LE control: top-down influence
Least common cause of excessive pronation?
subtalar or medial knee hypemobility
Pronation may become excessive if ________ hypomobility is present
–limited talocrural DF may lead to _______ and ______ excessively EV and ABD
–limited knee ______ may lead to excessive ankle ____
–hip won’t compensate bc hip is _______ whereas knee and talus both ____
adjacent joint
midfoot and forefoot
ext;DF
IR; ER
excessive pronation can be associated with?
may be associated w/ several LQ conditions such as
foot plantar fasciitis, tarsal tunnel, Mortons, OA, Hallux valgus
Leg and Ankle: Achilles tendinopathy, Severs , MTSS
Limited DF may lead to:
–excessively loading lateral foot and staying in ________ longer make lateral ankle sprains more ________
compensatory and excessive knee _____
supination; common
ext
