Foot Flashcards
What make up the bones of the foot?
Tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges
How many bones make up the tarsus?
Seven; calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms
Which is the largest and strongest bone in the foot?
Calcaneus
What structure supports the head of the talus?
Sustentaculum tali
What structure bears the weight of the body transmitted from the tibia and articulates with the two malleoli?
Talus
Where can the navicular be found?
Between the talar head and the cuneiforms
What are the metatarsus made out of?
Five long bones
What do the metatarus connect?
Tarsus and phalanges
What is the longest metatarsal?
2nd metatarsal
What makes up the hindfoot?
Talus and calcaneus
What makes up the midfoot?
Navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
What makes up the forefoot?
Metatarsals and phalanges
What is the deep fascia on the dorsum of the foot a continuation of?
Inferior extensor retinaculum
What is the deep fascia of the lateral and posterior aspects of the foot a continuation of?
Plantar fascia which has a thick plantar aponeurosis
What is the primary function of the plantar muscles?
Support phase of stance to maintain the arches of the foot
What action do the plantar interossei perform?
Adduction
What do the planter interossei arise from?
Single metatarsal as unipennate muscles
What action do the dorsal interossie perform?
Abduction
What do the dorsal interossei arise from?
Two metatarsals as bipennate muscles
What are the two closely connected muscles on the foot?
Extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis brevis
What muscles make up the first layer of the foot?
Abductor digiti minimi, abductor hallucis, and flexor digitorum brevis
What muscles make up the second layer of the foot?
Lumbricals and quadrate plantae
What muscles make up the third layer of the foot?
Flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and adductor hallucis
What muscles make up the fourth layer of the foot?
Plantar interossei and dorsal interossei
What is the origin of the abductor hallucis?
Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis
Where does the abductor hallucis insert?
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What is the innervation of the abductor hallucis?
Medial planter nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the abductor hallucis perform?
Abducts and flexes great toe
What is the origin of the flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
Where does the flexor digitorum brevis insert?
Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial planter nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the flexor digitorum brevis perform?
Flexes lateral four digits
What is the origin of the abductor digit minimi?
Medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and inter muscular septa
Where does the abductor digit minimi insert?
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
What is the innervation of the abductor digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the abudctor digiti minimi perform?
Abducts and flexes 5th digit
What is the origin of the quadratus plantae?
Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
Where does the quadratus plantae insert?
Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus
What is the innervation of the quadratus plantae?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the quadratus plantae perform?
Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
What is the origin of the lumbricals?
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Where do the lumbricals insert?
Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
What is the innervation of the lumbricals?
Medial one- medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Lateral three- lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action do the lumbricals perform?
Flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
What is the origin of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
Where does the flexor hallucis brevis insert?
Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
What is the innervation of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the flexor hallucis brevis perform?
Flexes proximal phalanx of great toe
What is the origin of the adductor hallucis?
Oblique head- bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals
Transverse head- plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints
Where does the adductor hallucis insert?
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
What is the innervation of the adductor hallucis?
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the adductor hallucis perform?
Adducts great toe, also assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot
What is the origin of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Base of 5th metatarsal
Where does the flexor digiti minimi brevis insert?
Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
What is the innervation of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action does the flexor digiti minimi brevis perform?
Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit
What is the origin of the plantar interossei?
Bases and medial sides of 3rd-5th metatarsals
Where do the plantar interossei insert?
Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
What is the innervation of the plantar interossei?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action do the plantar interossei perform?
Adduct 3rd-5th digits and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
What is the origin of the dorsal interossei?
Adjacent sides of 1st-5th metatarsals
Where do the dorsal interossei insert?
First- medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
Second to fourth- lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
What is the innervation of the dorsal interossei?
Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
What action do the dorsal interossei perform?
Abduct 2nd-4th digits and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
