FOCS Human Computer Interaction

Question 1

What is HCI and Why do we care?

Answer 1

• HCI refers to human and nonhuman interaction
• Specifically how people interact with machine in general and with computing systems in particular
• Computing Systems: Smartphone, Smart television and smart cars to algorithems examining AI
• HCI is the crossroad between social sciences (human side) and computer science (on the side of technology)

Question 2

• 1st Industrial Revolution: Agrarian Society [Handcraft/Farming] to Industrial Society [Machine/Mechanical Production] → New energy source: Steam engine
• 2nd Industrial Revolution: Mass Production, Electricity, Assembly Line → New synthetic materials like alloys and plastics → Assign people to many tiny tasks

Answer 2

• 3rd Industrial Revolution: Computer/Digital Revolution → Computing technologies/Early forms of technology. Also, nuclear energy was discovered → Reliance on electronic, computers, IT
• 4th Industrial Revolution: Physical Digital, Biological Technologies, Fusion between the physical and digital world. Blurred boundaries between the natural and synthetic news ways of interacting with people and machines. Ubiquitous of Internet (Fridges), Mobility of Internet (Phones), Quantum Computer that allows computers to process information faster (Communicate in a dual state)

Question 3

New examples of doing old things:

Transportation: Grab, Gojek

Dining: Grab Food, Deliveroo

Driving: Autonomous Vehicles

Answer 3

• Person uses digital world to ask person at another end to do certain things like bringing cars/food to current location
• Different way of doing things from calling a restaurant to book → Asking 3rd party (Artificial Intelligence technologies) to do work for you

Question 4

The future of employment → More jobs will grow but replaced by artificial intelligence. Jobs like clerks, cleaners, factory workers are at risk→ Yet some jobs like teachers, police officers do not run such risks

Answer 4

→ Yet some jobs like teachers, police officers do not run such risks

Question 5

Human Computer Interaction

Dominant name for the study of human and intelligent artifact interaction

Answer 5

• Discipline concerned with
  
  • Design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use → Designers, engineers
  • Study of phenomena HC Interaction → Communication, psychology

Question 6

Old HCI (1)

Answer 6

• Focus was mainly on these kind of technologies in 3rd Industrial Revolution
  
  • How to make transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductors
  • Make a faster and a smaller computer
  • A computer at home
  • Type a command language → Communicate with machine

Question 7

Graphical User Interface (GUI) + Mouse (2)

Answer 7

• Took over the role a command line by making it obsolete
• Do point and click
• Mouse was a huge development, where movements in the physical space is mapped onto the GUI to send commands

Question 8

Smartphones with Internet (3)

Answer 8

• Design that is better and more intuitive for users
• Motion that is even more convenient (Facial recognition)
• To this extent, smartphones (a HCI) become part of us

Question 9

Kiosus (2002) on Interactivity

Answer 9

• Interactivity = Features of technology that enable interaction
  
  • Press button and the action understands your intention
• Interactivity = Human perception of the interactive technological features
  
  • Locus of technology that lies with the perceiver
  • Wall-E and Eva eyes gives them personality / interactive

Question 10

Kiosis argues

Answer 10

• Some technological features may be necessary to be seen as interactive
• But not all technologically interactive things will be perceived as such
• Not necessary that certain interactive features are actually technically available for somebody to have interactivity
  
  • Eg. Doll
• Not all technologically interactive things will be perceived as interactive
  
  • Eg. Washing Machine

Question 11

• Affordance (1988) Norman
  
  • Definition: Action possibilities that are readily perceived by an actor

Answer 11

• Function of both technology and people’s perception of the technology
• Perceived affordance is more important
  
  • What the user understands the affordance to be
• Relationships between the person and object
  
  • Person and Block → Chair, Lifting, Throwing, Hiding
• The value of a well-designed object is when it has such a rich set of affordances that the people who use it can do things with it that the designer never imagined

Question 12

• Interactivity → About interaction and responsiveness
• Affordances → What the product can be used for

Answer 12

2 Principles

Question 13

Principle #1: Affordances need to be perceptible

Answer 13

• Design of the object must communicate to the user how to use it
• Affordance vs Affordance cues
  
  • Ways to use something vs Clues that tell us these ways
  • Affordance Cues: Sometimes less stuff is more useful

Question 14

Principle #2: Affordances need to be intuitive

Answer 14

• Intuitive needs to learn
  
  • Need visuals only (Press Button)
• Signal, instead of explicitly telling the user what to do
• Sometimes there is a struggle between the intuitive and verbally explicit tool

Question 15

Computers are Social Actors (CASA) Paradigm [Theory]

Answer 15

• Social cues from computers trigger mindless responses from humans as if the computers were social actors
  
  • Battery of smartphone is lower → Humans telling phone to tahan tahan
  • Clippy Microsoft Word → Interface assistant
  • Humans not really conscious on who they are talking to “Clippy” → People think of these computers as programmers or possible humans behind it

Question 16

• CASA Research replaces social rules governing Human to Human interaction
• Replace Human partner with technology and test the re-written rule

Answer 16

• Conclusion: Humans are polite and reciprocate to the computer
• CASA → Default voices in systems that provides assistance were preset to be mostly females. Siri in most countries.