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NCLEX > Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

How much of an adult’s total body weight is water?

A

50-60%

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2
Q

How much of an infant’s total body weight is water?

A

75-80%

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3
Q

How much body fluid is intracellular?

A

2/3

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4
Q

How much body fluid is extracellular

A

1/3

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5
Q

Isotonic fluids indication

A
  • Treat vascular system fluid deficit
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6
Q

Isotonic fluid characteristics

A
  • Concentration equal to plasma
  • Prevent fluid shift between compartments
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7
Q

Isotonic solutions (3)

A
  • Normal saline (0.9% NS)
  • Lactated ringers
  • 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
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8
Q

Hypotonic fluid indication

A

Treat intracellular dehydration

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9
Q

Hypotonic characteristics

A
  • Osmolality higher than ECF
  • Shift fluid from ECF to ICF
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10
Q

Hypotonic solutions (2)

A
  • 0.45% normal saline (0.45% NS)
  • 2.5% dextrose in 0.45% saline (D2.545% NS)
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11
Q

Hypertonic fluid indication

A
  • Used only when serum osmolality is critically low
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12
Q

Hypertonic fluid characteristics

A
  • Osmolality higher than ECF
  • Shift fluid from ICF to ECF
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13
Q

Hypertonic solutions (5)

A
  • 10% dextrose in water (D10W)
  • 50% dextrose in water (D50W)
  • 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS)
  • 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline (D5W in 0.45% NaCl)
  • 5% dextrose in lactated ringers (D5LR)
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14
Q

Hypokalemia risk factors adverse effects of medications (4)

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Diuretics
  • Digitalis
  • Laxatives abuse
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15
Q

Hypokalemia risk factors body fluid loss (4)

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Wound drainage
  • NG suction
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16
Q

Hypokalemia other risk factors (4)

A
  • Excessive diaphoresis
  • Kidney disease
  • Dietary deficiency
  • Alkalosis
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17
Q

Hypokalemia manifestations (8)

A
  • Muscle weakness, cramping
  • Fatigue
  • N/V
  • Irritability, confusion
  • Decreased bowel motility
  • Paresthesia
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Flat and/or inverted T waves
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18
Q

Hyperkalemia risk factors (4)

A
  • Renal failure
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Acidosis
  • Excessive potassium intake
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19
Q

Hyperkalemia medication risk factors (2)

A
  • Potassium sparing diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors
20
Q

Hyperkalemia manifestations (5)

A
  • Peaked T waves
  • Ventricular dysrhythmias
  • Muscle twitching, paresthesia (early)
  • Ascending muscle weakness (late)
  • Increased bowel motility
21
Q

Hyperkalemia medication interventions (5)

A
  • Kayexalate
  • 50% glucose with insulin
  • Calcium gluconate
  • Bicarbonate
  • Loop diuretics
22
Q

Hyponatremia risk factors (7)

A
  • GI loss
  • SIADH
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • NPO
  • Restricted sodium diet
  • Water intoxication
  • Excessive diaphoresis
23
Q

Hyponatremia medication risk factors (5)

A
  • Diuretics
  • Anticonvulsants
  • SSRIs
  • Lithium
  • Demeclocycline
24
Q

Hyponatremia manifestations (10)

A
  • Weakness
  • Lethargy
  • Confusion
  • Seizures
  • Headache
  • Anorexia, N/V
  • Muscle cramps, twitching
  • Hypotension
  • Tachycardia
  • Weight gain, edema
25
Hyponatremia medication intervention
Conivaaptan hydrochloride
26
Hypernatremia risk factors (9)
- Dehydration - GI loss - Hyperaldosteronism - Hypertonic tube feedings - Diabetes insipidus - Kidney failure - Burns - Heatstroke - Corticosteroids
27
Hypernatremia manifestations (13)
- Fever - Swollen, dry tongue - Hallucinations - Lethargy - Restlessness - Irritability - Seizures - Tachycardia - HTN - Hyperreflexia - Twitching - Pulmonary edema - Sticky mucous membranes
28
Hypocalcemia risk factors (6)
- Hypoparathyroidism - Hypomagnesemia - Kidney failure - Vitamin D deficiency - Inadequate intake - GI loss
29
Hypocalcemia disease process risk factors (4)
- Celiac disease - Lactose intolerance - Crohn's disease - Alcohol use disorder
30
Hypocalcemia manifestations (9)
- Tetany - Cramps - Paresthesia - Dysrhythmias - Trousseau's sign - Chvostek's sign - Seizures - Hyperreflexia - Impaired clotting time
31
Hypercalcemia risk factors (12)
- Hyperparathyroidism - Malignant disease - Prolonged immobilization - Dehydration - Vitamin D excess - Thiazide diuretics - Lithium - Glucocorticoids - Digoxin toxicity - Over use of calcium supplements - Hyperthyroidism
32
Hypercalcemia manifestations (14)
- Muscle weakness - Kidney stones - Dysrhythmias - Lethargy - Coma - Hyporeflexia - Pathological fractures - Flank pain - Deep bone pain - Polyuria - Polydipsia - Dehydration - HTN - N/V
33
Hypercalcemia medication interventions (5)
- Furosemide - Calcitonin - Glucocorticoids - Bisphosphonates - Calcium chelators
34
Hypomagnesemia risk factors (10)
- GI loss - Alcoholism - Hypocalcemia - Hypokalemia - DKA - Hyperparathyroidism - Malabsorption - TPN - Laxative abuse - Acute MI
35
Hypomagnesemia medication risk factors (5)
- Cisplatin - Cyclosporine - Aminoglycoside antibiotics - Diuretics - Amphotericin B
36
Hypomagnesemia manifestations (13)
- Paresthesias - Dysrhythmias - Trousseau's sign - Chvostek's sign - Agitation - Confusion - Hyperreflexia - HTN - Insomnia - Irritability - Anorexia - N/V - Dysphagia
37
Hypomagnesemia medication interventions (2)
- IV magnesium sulfate - PO magnesium salts
38
Hypermagnesemia risk factors (6)
- Renal failure - Excessive Mg therapy - Adrenal insufficiency - Laxative over use - Lithium toxicity - Excessive soft tissue injury/necrosis
39
Hypermagnesemia manifestations (9)
- Hypotension - Drowsiness - Bradycardia - Bradypnea - Coma - Cardiac arrest - Hyporeflexia - N/V - Facial flushing
40
Hypermagnesemia medication interventions (3)
- IV lactated ringers, NS - IV calcium gluconate - Loop diuretics
41
Hypophosphatemia risk factors (9)
- Vitamin D deficiency - Re-feeding after starvation - Alcohol use disorder - DKA - Alkalosis - Hypomagnesemia - Hypokalemia - Burns - TPN - Overuse of antacids
42
Hyphosphatemia excessive loss of body fluids risk factors (4)
- Sweat - Diarrhea - Vomiting - Hyperventilation
43
Hypophosphatemia manifestations (6)
- Paresthesia - Muscle weakness - Bone pain, deformities - Chest pain - Confusion - Seizures - Nystagmus
44
Hyperphosphatemia risk factors (8)
- Renal failure - Chemo - Acute pancreatitis - High vitamin D - High phosphorus intake - Hypoparathyroidism - Excessive enema use - Acidosis
45
Hyperphosphatemia manifestations (10)
- Tetany - Cramps - Paresthesias - Dysrhythmias - Trousseau's sign - Chvostek's sign - Hyperreflexia - Anorexia - N/V - Soft tissue calcifications
46
Hyperphosphatemia medication interventions (4)
- Vitamin D - Aluminum hydroxide - Diuretics - IV NSc x

NCLEX (40 decks)

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