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Nur 110 > Fluid, Electrolyte 52 > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte 52 Flashcards

1
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

Within body cells

2/3 of body fluid in adults

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2
Q

Extra cellular fluid

A

Outside of cells

1/3 of body fluid

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3
Q

Two main compartments of extra cellular fluid ECF

A

Intravascular and interstitial

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4
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

Plasma

20% of ECF

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5
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

75% ECF

Surrounds cells

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6
Q

Other compartments of ECF

A

Lymph and transcellular fluids

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7
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

Cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, synovial fluids

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8
Q

Electrolytes

A

Capable of conducting electricity

Example: Na+ and Cl-

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9
Q

Cations

A

Positive charge

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10
Q

Anions

A

Negative charge

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11
Q

Milliequivalent

A

Refers to the chemical combining power of the ion
Or
Capacity of cations to combine with anions to form molecules

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12
Q

Laboratory tests usually use…

A

Plasma. This reflects what is happening in ECF, especially intravascular fluid

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13
Q

ICF cations and anions

A

Cations: potassium and magnesium
Anions: phosphate, sulfate

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14
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Water moves easily through, but other substances vary.

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15
Q

Solutes

A

Substances dissolved in a liquid

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16
Q

Crystalloids

A

Salts that dissolve readily into true solutions

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17
Q

Colloids

A

Substances like large proteins that do not readily dissolve into true solutions

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18
Q

Solvent

A

Component of a solution that can dissolve a solute

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19
Q

Body solvent

A

Water

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20
Q

Body solutes

A

Electrolytes, gases, urea, amino acids, proteins

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21
Q

Osmolality

A

Concentrations of solutes in body fluids

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22
Q

Water is vital for normal cellular function

A 
Medium for metabolic reactions
Transporter for nutrients and wastes
Lubricant
Insulates, shocks
Body temperature
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23
Q

Isotonic

A

Same osmolality as ECF

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24
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher osmolality than ECF

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25
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower osmolality thanECF

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26
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Power of a solution to pull water across a semipermeable membrane

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27
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure or inciting pressure

A

Plasma proteins exert osmotic pressure. Hold water in plasma and in their vascular compartment

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

Two solutes of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane

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29
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves across cell membranes from area of less concentration to area of more concentration (of solutes)

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30
Q

Filtration

A

Fluid and solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

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31
Q

Example of filtration

A

Fluid and nutrients from capillaries to interstitial fluid

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32
Q

Filtration pressure

A

Pressure that results in movement of fluid and solutes out of a compartment

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33
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained
Blood on vessel walls

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34
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of solutes across cell membrane from a less concentrated area to a more concentrated one

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35
Q

Active transport important to

A

Sodium snd potassium ion concentration of ECF and ICF

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36
Q

Thirst center of brain

A

Hypothalamus

Angiostensin ( reduced blood flow to kidneys)

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37
Q

Normal urine output

A

1400 to 1500 mL daily

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38
Q

Feces

A

Amount of chyme enters intestine. 1500 mL daily

100 ml reabsorbed

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39
Q

Insensible losses

A

Through skin and lungs

300-400 mL daily

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40
Q

Obligatory losses

A

Fluid losses required to maintain body function
500 ml through kidneys
1300 ml total daily

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41
Q

Kidneys

A

Primary regular of body fluids and electrolyte balance

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42
Q

ADH

A

Regulates water excretion from kidneys

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43
Q

Renin- angiotensin - aldosterone system

A

Neuroendocrine system helps maintain fluid balance

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44
Q

Atrial natriuretic factor

A

Atrium of heart, responds to stretching and excess fluid volume

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45
Q

Atrial natriuretic factor on thirst

A

Inhibits thirst, reducing fluid intake

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46
Q

Electrolytes are important for

A

Maintaining fluid balance
Acid-base regulation
Enzyme reactions
Transmit neuromuscular reactions

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47
Q

Sodium

A

Most abundant cation in EFC. Controls serum osmolality

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48
Q

Normal sodium levels

A

135- 145 mEq/ L

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49
Q

Potassium

A

Major cation in ICF. Must ha e for neuromuscular response to stimuli

50
Q

Calcium

A

99% in bones, other in ECF. Cardiac function, neuromuscular function

51
Q

Calcitonin

A

Reduce calcium in blood

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Release calcium from bones

53
Q

Total serum calcium level

A

8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL

Bound and unbound calcium

54
Q

Magnesium

A

Second most abundant cation in skeleton and ICF

** intracellular metabolism, ATP production***

55
Q

Normal magnesium in ECF

A

1.5 to 2.5 mEq/ L

56
Q

Magnesium in ECF

A

Neuromuscular and cardiac function

57
Q

Ways to get magnesium

A

Cereal grains, nuts, dried fruit, green leafy veggies, dairy, meat, fish

58
Q

Ways to get potassium

A

Body cannot preserve it

Fruits, veggies, meat, fish

59
Q

Chloride

A

Major anion of ECF

Regulates serum osmolality and blood volume

60
Q

Normal serum levels for chloride

A

95- 108 mEq/L

61
Q

Chloride found here

A

Follows sodium
Gastric juice
Buffer in exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

62
Q

Phosphate

A

Major anion of ICF. Also found in bone, skeletal muscle and nerve tissue, ECF

63
Q

Normal phosphate serum levels

A

2.5- 4.5 mg/dL

64
Q

Who has more phosphate?

A

Newborns, children

Growth

65
Q

Where to get phosphate

A

Meat, fish, poultry, milk, legumes

66
Q

Bicarbonate

A

In both ECF and ICF. Regulating acid/base balance. Buffering

67
Q

Who regulates bicarbonate?

A

Kidneys

68
Q

Where to get bicarbonate

A

Produced through metabolic process

69
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases hydrogen ions in a solution

70
Q

Bases

A

Low hydrogen ion concentration, can accept hydrogen ions in a solution

71
Q

pH

A

Inverse reflection of hydrogen ion concentration

72
Q

Water has a pH of

A

7, neutral

73
Q

Normal pH of arterial blood

A

7.35-7.45

74
Q

Buffers

A

Bind or release hydrogen ions

75
Q

Major buffer in ECF

A

Bicarbonate and carbonic acid system

76
Q

Acidosis

A

pH drops. Bicarbonate depleted in neutralizing acid

77
Q

Alkalosis

A

pH rises. Adding a strong base depletes carbonic acid

78
Q

Respiratory regulation

A

Eliminating or retaining carbon dioxide.

79
Q

Carbonic acid breaks down into

A

Carbon dioxide and water

80
Q

Renal regulation

A

Kidneys are ultimate long term regulator of acid-base balance. Slower response, longer lasting

81
Q

How kidneys regulate acid-base balance

A

Excretion or conserving bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

82
Q

Factors affecting body fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance

A

Age, sex, body size, environmental, lifestyle

83
Q

Two basic types of fluid imbalances

A

Isotonic and osmolar

84
Q

Isotonic imbalances

A

Water and electrolytes are lost or gained in equal proportions. Osmolality of body fluids remains constant

85
Q

Osmolar imbalances

A

Loss or gain of only water, osmolality of serum is altered

86
Q

Hyperosmolar imbalance

A

Dehydration.

87
Q

Hypo osmolar imbalance

A

Over hydration

88
Q

Fluid volume deficit

FVD

A

Body loses water and electrolytes from ECF in similar proportions

89
Q

Hypovolemia

A

In FVD, fluid is initially lost from intravascular compartment

90
Q

FVD usually happens when

A

Abnormal loss through skin, GI, kidney
Decreased fluid intake,
Bleeding, third space syndrome

91
Q

Third space syndrome

A

Fluid shifts from vascular space where it is not accessible

92
Q

Third spacing has two distinct phases

A

Loss and reabsorption

93
Q

Fluid volume loss

A

Body retains both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF

94
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Increased blood volume

95
Q

FVE is always secondary to

A

Increase in body sodium content

96
Q

Causes of FVE

A

Excessive intake of sodium chloride
Administering sodium solution too fast
Disease that changes regulatory mechanisms

97
Q

Edema

A

Excess interstitial fluid

98
Q

Causes of edema

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased serum osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability

99
Q

Dehydration

A

Hypersomolar fluid imbalance. No water, excess sodium

100
Q

Over hydration

A

Hypo osmolar fluid imbalance. Water and electrolytes gained. Low osmolality low sodium

101
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Sodium deficit. Water drawn into interstitial spaces and cells (edema in brain)

102
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Excess sodium. Fluid moves into the ECF. Cells are dehydrated

103
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Potassium deficit

104
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Potassium excess

105
Q

Potassium must ALWAYS

A

Be diluted properly

106
Q

Potassium must NEVER

A

Be given IV push

107
Q

Compensation

A

Healthy regulatory systems will attempt to correct acid-base imbalance

108
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

pH falls below 7.35

Carbon dioxide retention

109
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilating
pH rises
Loss of carbonic acid falls

110
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A 
pH falls
Low bicarbonate levels
Higher carbonic acid 
Renal failure 
Starvation
Ketoacidosis
111
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Too much bicarbonate

112
Q

Normal serum osmolality

A

280-300 mOsm/kg water

113
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measures percentage of the volume of whole blood that is actually RBC

114
Q

BUN

A

Blood, urea, nitrogen

Serum osmolality

115
Q

Specific gravity

A

Indicator of urine concentration that correlates with urine osmolality

116
Q

Normal specific gravity

A

1.005 to 1.030

117
Q

Arterial blood gases

A

Acid base balance and oxygenation

118
Q

Volume expanders

A

Increase blood volume after severe blood loss

119
Q

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter PICC

A

Inserted through basilic or cephalic vein

Tip rests in superior Vena cava

120
Q

CVAD

Central venous access device

A

Lower one third of superior vena cava, above right atrium

121
Q

Trousseau sign

A

Hypo calcium

Spasm of hand and wrist

122
Q

Chvostek sign

A

Hypocalcemia

Spasm of wrist

Nur 110 (21 decks)

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