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Exam 2 > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Isotonic imbalance

A

Electrolytes and water lost in equal proportion

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2
Q

What is an osmolar imbalance

A

Loss or gain of water only- Electrolyte levels can increase accordingly

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3
Q

Where is 2/3 of bodily fluid stored?

A

Muscle mass

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4
Q

Where is the remaining 1/3 of bodily fluids?

A

ECF

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5
Q

Define Fluid Volume Deficit

A

Loss of water and electrolytes in equal proportion.

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6
Q

Is Fluid Volume deficit loss fast or slow?

A

Both, Fast loss= Vomiting, Diarrhea
Slow=Sweating
Dehydration is fluid loss ALONE

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7
Q

What are some common causes of fluid volume deficit?

A

Vomiting, Diarrhea, GI suctioning, Intestinal Fistulas, Intestinal Drainage.

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8
Q

What are other less common causes of Fluid Volume Deficit?

A

Hemorrhage, Chronic Abuse of laxatives (common in anorexics)/ Enemas, Heavy sweating, Heavy Renal losses (Diuretics)

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9
Q

What are causes of inadequate fluid intake that can lead to Fluid volume deficit?

A

Inability to swallow, lack of access to fluids, Altered thirst mechanisms, excessive exercise especially in hot weather, Inability to request fluids

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10
Q

What are other causes of Fluid Volume Deficit?

A

Third spacing (Ascites, Edema), Burns (skin prevents fluid loss through evaporation. If too much skin is damaged, fluid can be lost through evaporation).

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11
Q

Why are children especially at risk for fluid volume deficit?

A

Higher Surface area and metabolic rate (fluid is lost quickly through evaporation and sweat),
Increased RR
Immune system isn’t developed, so increased risk of vomiting and diarrhea through infections
Overuse of laxatives in bulimics and adolescents.

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12
Q

Why are pregnant women at risk for fluid volume deficit?

A

Morning sickness causes vomiting in the first trimester, Blood loss due to miscarriage

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13
Q

Why are older adults at risk for fluid volume deficit?

A

Forget to drink enough
Changes in mobility limit access to liquids
Fear of Incontinence
Adverse effects of Meds

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14
Q

What are clinical manifestations of fluid volume deficit?

A 
Thirst 
Lethargy
Dry mucous membranes
hypotension, orthostatic hypotension
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Decreased Skin Turgor- CHECK CHEST
Cool Clammy Skin
Increased Temp
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15
Q

What are clinical manifestations of fluid volume deficit in the elderly?

A 
Changes in cognition
Dry Mucous membranes
Tongue furrows
Itchy Skin
Brittle Hair
Loss of thirst reflex
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16
Q

What are diagnostic tools used to identify FVD?

A

Serum electrolyte panel
BUN and Creatinine (Function of Kidneys)
Urine Specific gravity

17
Q

What are clinical therapies for FVD?

A

Oral Rehydration-Safest
-Pedialyte, etc.
IV Fluids- Patient can’t ingest fluids, deficit is severe

18
Q

What causes Fluid Volume Excess?

A

Hypervolemia (both water and NA retained), and Overhydration (more water retained than electrolytes).

19
Q

What can Fluid Volume Excess lead to?

A

Pulmonary Edema, Hypervolemia, and Heart Failure

20
Q

Lymphatic vessels can be blocked, why?

A

Lymphatic vessels run alongside blood vessels and can be blocked by interstitial fluid

21
Q

What is the etiology of Fluid Volume Excess?

A 
Conditions that cause retention of sodium and water.
Heart Failure
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Renal Failure
Adrenal Gland Disorders
Excessive sodium intake
22
Q

What are clinical manifestations of Fluid Volume Excess?

A 
Weight gain>5% of body weight
Bounding Pulse
Hypertension
Anascara (Big edemas full of fluid)
Dyspnea
Cerebral Edema
Decreased Hematocrit
Decreased BUN 
Pulmonary Edema
23
Q

What are diagnostic tests of Fluid Volume Excess?

A

Serum Electrolytes
Serum Hematocrit/Hemoglobin
Renal/Liver function studies

24
Q

Why is regular of monitoring for fluid imbalance necessary?

A

Electrolyte imbalances can be sudden and potassium imbalances can be fatal. (Might have to correct 2 electrolytes at the same time like Na and Cl)

25
Q

What does Sodium mainly effect?

A

The brain as well as the heart

Essential in maintaining acid-base balance

26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?

A

Mainly changes in mentation
Lethargy
Headache

27
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?

A 
Tachycardia
Irritability
Thirst 
Dry Mucous Membranes
(Give fluid to dilute Na)
28
Q

What does Potassium mainly effect?

A

Nerve impulses of the heart

reciprocal action of sodium

29
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?

A

dysrhythmias
irregular pulse
decreased bowel sounds
Mostly all cardiac symptoms

30
Q

What are foods high in potassium?

A 
Bananas, Dates, Avocados, Potatoes
Orange Juice (not good for kidneys)
31
Q

Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?

A

Mostly all cardiac symptoms

32
Q

What does calcium mainly effect?

A

Muscle contraction
Cell membrane function
Usually controlled by Vit D levels (supplements need vitamin D)
When phosphorus goes up-calcium goes down

33
Q

What are clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia?

A

muscle twitching
chvostek and trousseau signs
Severe symptoms can be treated with IV

34
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia?

A 
weakness
dysrhythmias
headache
constipation
stop Thiazide diuretics
Furosemide increases calcium secretion
35
Q

What does Cl mainly effect?

A

Electricity of body in neutral state (with Na)
Acid-base balance
With Hydrochloride (makes hydrochloric acid)

36
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypochloremia?

A

Kussmaul Respirations
Weakness
Thirst
Managed with diuretics, IV fluids, dialysis

37
Q

Clinical manifestations of hyperchloremia?

A 
Parasthesia of face and extremities
muscle spasm
tetany
shallow respirations
Treated with: salt in diet, adding chloride to IV

Exam 2 (13 decks)

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