flashcards ud fra hvad der forventes i "test"eksamen i parasit+bacteriologi
Which antibiotic classes are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Fluoroquinolones (fx enrofloxacin) and aminoglycosides (fx gentamicin)
Which bacteria causing otitis externa in dogs is a Gram-negative, glucose oxidative rod?
Pseudomonas auruginosa
Which bacteria causing otitis externa in dogs is a Gram +, katalase positiv ikke mannitolfermentativ kok?
S. pseudintermedius
Hvilken bakterie er en fermentativ, gram negativ stav og er tit bidsår?
Pasteurella
Hvilken bakterie er en gram positive, katalase negativ kok og giver sygdrom hos hest?
Streptococcus equii (kværke) streptococcus zooepidemicus (endometritis og klassisk følsyge)
How does beta-hemolysis surrounding Staphylococcus appear on blood agar?
bred mørk zone med uskarpe (blurry) kant
How does alpha-hemolysis surrounding Staphylococcus appear on blood agar?
Bred KLAR zone med uskarp (blurry) kant
How does delta-hemolysis surrounding Staphylococcus appear on blood agar?
narrow clear zone with sharp edge
How does beta-delta-hemolysis surrounding Staphylococcus appear on blood agar?
dobbelt hæmolyse
How does alpha-hemolysis surrounding Streptococcus appear on blood agar?
green coloured zone
Hvordan kan S. aureus og S. peudintermedius adskilles på MSA (mannitol salt agar)?
S. aureus bliver GUL pga fermentation
S. peudintermedius forbliver rød
alle staphylokokker kan vokse på msa
Hvordan kan MRSA og MRSP adskilles på brilliance agar?
MRSA= Mørkeblå kolonier MRSP= Lyseblå/hvide kolonier
Hvordan kan staphylococcer og streptococcer adskilles med katalase testen?
Strep = katalase NEG. Staph = katalase POS.
What is the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococci?
Acquisition of a modified target with low affinity for the drug
Definition: A Staphylococcus aureus, which has acquired the mecA (or mecC) gene → target modification (PBP2A) → resistance to all beta-lactams
What is the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in ESBL?
An enzyme, which can hydrolize all β-lactams except
carbapenems (+ inactivated by clavulanic acid)
Often plasmid-encoded, so spreads easily between
bacteria
generne CTX-M, TEM, SHV and CMY
koder for hvad?
ESBL
Indicator of ESBL?
resistance to 3. generation cephalosporins, e.g.
cefpodoxime and cefotaxime
Macrolide- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter
What is the mechanism??
→ Target modification: FQ or macrolides cannot bind and
replication continues
details:
• Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance
• Point mutations in gyrA, encoding DNA gyrase A, which is important for DNA-replication → Target modification: FQ cannot bind and
replication continues
• Macrolide resistance
• Point mutations in 23S rRNA or ribosomal proteins L4
and L22, which are important for protein synthesis
→ Target modification: macrolides cannot bind and
protein synthesis continues
Common resistance phenotypes in Salmonella Typhimurium
…Mainly in S. Typhimurium DT104
”ACSSuT” og “ASSuT”
- Ampicillin (betalactam)
- Chloramfenikol
- Streptomycin (aminoglycosid)
- Sulphonamide
- Tetracycline
What traditionally used antibiotics are too
risky to use for empiric treatment of Salmonella?
sul/amp/tet
er ESBL resistent overfor flourokinoloner?
NEJ
men alle batalactamer
ikke klavulansyre - som er en betalactamasehæmmer
The Danish guideline for antibiotic use in family (companion) animals states that samples should always be sent for culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing from two infection types. Which infections are referred to?
Skin and urinary tract infections
Trophozoites of the gastro-intestinal protozoa: Giardia duodenalis and Tritrichomonas blagburni can be differentiated by microscopy based on their morphology and characteristic movement.
describe each:
Giardia duodenalis: movement: falling leave, morforlogi: pæreformet flagellat, 2 symmetriske cellekerner 8 flageller, 2 axonemer. Ligner spøgelsesansigter!
Tritrichomonas blagburni: movement: jerky.
3-5 fremadrettede og en bagudrettet flagel, axostylen gennem kroppen. ligner en fisk med hår ud af munden.
Anthelmintic resistance is becoming a major problem in several livestock. In cattle in Europe, the first surveys using faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) have indicated reduced efficacy against one particular strongyle species. Which one?
Cooperia oncophora
hvilken parasit hos heste er ret meget resistente overfor Benzimidazoler?
Cyathostomins
