4 Bacterial infections in companion animals Flashcards
Common bacterial infections in dogs
- Skin/ear infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Respiratory infections
- (Gastrointestinal infections)
Common bacterial infections in cats
- Abscesses/wounds
* Respiratory infections
Up to 90% of skin infections are caused by?
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- 46-92% of dogs may be colonized at any given time:
- 38% permanent carriers
- 56% transient carriers
- 6% non-carriers
Otitis externa, dogs
• Bacteria/fungi involved:
• S. pseudintermedius most common
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa is almost as common and
almost never found in healthy dog/cat ears. Can be very
problematic
• Malassezia is almost as common!
Pyoderma treatment
- hvornår skal tages prøver til lab??
Culture + susceptibility testing indicated for all cases of
pyoderma treated systemically w. antibiotics
Otitis externa – treatment
• Mild infection – cocci
• Ear cleaner with antimicrobial effect (e.g. chlorhexidine)
Otitis externa – treatment
• Moderate infection – cocci with/without rods
• Ear cleaner with antimicrobial effect (e.g. chlorhexidine)
- If necessary also
- Fusidic acid/framycetin
- Gentamicin
Otitis externa – treatment
• Severe infection – often Pseudomonas
- Topical treatment depending on the status of the ear drum (many compounds are ototoxic)
- Systemic treatment (enrofloxacin) in rare cases
- Antiinflammatory treatment
Otitis externa – treatment
Malassezia
• Ear cleaners with anti-fungal effect
Abscesses (bite wounds)
• Most common bacterial infection of feline skin – much more common than in dogs
What bacterias is the most common?
General perception that Pasteurella multocida is by far the most common agent but anaerobic bacteria are often not cultured and may be equally (or more) important: • Bacteroides • Fusobacterium • Peptostreptococcus • Clostridium • Etc.
Abscesses (bite wounds)
treatment
• Well-defined abscess in healthy animal
• Drainage, flushing with diluted chlorhexidine and debridement
Abscesses (bite wounds)
treatment
• Systemic infection, diffuse infection, immune
compromised animal, involvement of joint or other
critical structures
- 1st choice: clindamycin or amoxicillin
* 2nd choice: amoxi/clav
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
- hvilke bakterier?
- E. coli constitutes up to or more than 50% of all isolates
- Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter: 15-30%
- Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus: 20-30%
- NB: Pasteurella common cause in cats but not dogs
UTI - treatment
• Lower urinary tract infections
• 1st choice: amoxicillin
• 2nd choice: sulfa/TMP
Culture + susceptibility testing indicated for all cases of UTI treated systemically w. antibiotics
UTI - treatment
• Pyelonephritis
• 1st choice: amoxi/clav
• 2nd choice: enrofloxacin
Culture + susceptibility testing indicated for all cases of UTI treated systemically w. antibiotics
Common bacterial infections in horses
- Respiratory infections
- Infections in the reproductive tract
- Endometritis
- Metritis
- Enteritis
- Joint infections
- Wound infections
HEST
Respiratory infections
• Bacterial infections which are often secondary to viral inf.
- Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
- Actinobacillus equuli
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- E. coli
- Pasteurella spp.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is a primary pathogen causing strangles and Rhodococcus equi is also a primary cause of pneumonia in foals
Strangles
ætiologi
• Diagnosis
- Etiology:
- Streptococcus equi subsp equi
- Host-specific
- Highly transmissible ≥4 weeks after disease onset
- Transmitted by fomites + infectious exudate
- Prolonged shedding may occur from guttural pouches
• Culture of abscess material or nasal discharge
Strangles - treatment
• Isolate horse (very contagious) • Antibiotic treatment controversial • Reasons not to use antibiotics: • Often recovery without antibiotics but with supportive therapy (incl drainage of abscesses) • Immunity may not develop • Reasons to use antibiotics • Complications (long fever, airsacculitis etc.) • Silent carrier animals • Precautionary to avoid transmission Drug of choice: penicillin
Granulomatous pneumonia in foals
• Etiology:
• Rhodococcus equi (G+, intracellular, ubiquitous in soil)
• Transmitted by air to foals causing disease in immuno
compromised individuals
Granulomatous pneumonia in foals
• Symptoms
- Slow development – symptoms appear late
- Lethargy, tachypnea, fever
- Cough + typical auscultation pattern
- Abdominal involvement: diarrhea, colic etc.
Granulomatous pneumonia in foals
• Diagnosis/sampling
- X-ray / ultrasound
* BAL / trans-tracheal wash for cytology/culture
Granulomatous pneumonia - treatment
• Isolate foal – clean premises
• Supportive therapy
• Antibiotics
• Erythromycin + rifampicin
• Cave 1: mare diarrhea possible
• Cave 2: same treatment for tuberculosis in humans,
so avoid unnecessary use (e.g. subclinical infections)
• Cave 3: never use rifampicin alone – resistance
development
• In general: in vitro susceptibility result for R. equi not
always trustworthy as bacteria can ”hide” in lung
macrophages
Inflammatory lower airway disease (IAD)
etiologi
• Multi-factorial disease. One of the most common and
important diseases in young racehorses causing decreased performance
• Etiology - multifactorial
• Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus spp., Mycoplasma
equirhinis, equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 are all
significantly associated with IAD
• Age and immunity
• Environment
Inflammatory lower airway disease (IAD)
symptoms
• Weeks of decreased performance, excessive tracheal
mucus, coughing
• Often recurrent
Inflammatory lower airway disease (IAD)
diagnose
• BAL / trans-tracheal wash
+ culture
Inflammatory lower airway disease (IAD)
behandling
- Find and solve primary reason (e.g. environment)
- Antibiotic treatment controversial
- Difficult to diagnose
- Which bacterial pathogen is relevant?
- Viral cause?
- Often patients are non-responsive to treatment
Endometritis
• An acute or chronic inflammation of the endometrium,
either infectious or non-infectious
• A common problem in mares – often associated with
reduced fertility
Bacterias??
• Bacteria associated with endometritis
Contaminants, commensals (opportunistic organisms)
• Streptococcus zooepidemicus
• E. coli
• Etc.
Venereally transmitted • Taylorella equigenitalis • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Etc.
