Finals - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System-2nd - Sheet1

Question 1

The nervous system has two main parts:

Answer 1

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Question 2

is made up of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

central nervous system

Question 3

is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

Answer 3

peripheral nervous system

Question 4

protect brain and spinal cord

Answer 4

Meninges

Question 5

Layers of the meninges

Answer 5

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 6

Outermost layer of the meninges

Answer 6

Dura mater:

Question 7

Middle layer of the meninges
Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 7

Arachnoid mater:

Question 8

Innermost layer of the meninges

Answer 8

Pia mater:

Question 9

highly selective semipermeable border that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 9

Blood–brain barrier-

Question 10

Inflammation of meninges

Answer 10

Meningitis:

Question 11

Inflammation of the brain

Answer 11

Encephalitis:

Question 12

Inflammation of both the meninges and the brain

Answer 12

Meningoencephalitis:

Question 13

Initial symptoms of fever, headache, and stiff neck
Followed by nausea and vomiting
May progress to convulsions and coma
Diagnosis by Gram stain and latex agglutination of CSF
Treatment: Cephalosporins, vancomycin

Answer 13

Bacterial Meningitis

Question 14

Spinal needle is inserted, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae

Answer 14

Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)

Question 15

Occurs mostly in children (6 months to 4 years)
Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota
Capsule antigen type B
Symptoms: fever, nausea, sensitivity to light, headaches, stiff neck, anorexia, and seizures.
Prevented by Hib vaccine

Answer 15

Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis

Question 16

Also called meningococcal meningitis
Caused by N. meningitidis
Gram-negative, aerobic cocci with a capsule
Person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from carriers
10% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
Begins as throat infection, rash

Answer 16

Neisseria Meningitis

Question 17

Serotypes B, C, Y, W-135 can be found in

Answer 17

U.S.

Question 18

Serotype B is found in

Answer 18

Europe

Question 19

Serotype A is found in

Answer 19

Africa, China, and Middle East

Question 20

Treatment for Nesseriria Meningitis:

Answer 20

Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime( third generation cephalosporin)

Question 21

Also called pneumococcal meningitis
Caused by S. pneumoniae (a gram-positive diplococcus)
Droplet thru sneezing or coughing
70% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
Most common in children (1 month to 4 years)
Mortality: 30% in children, 80% in elderly

Answer 21

Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis

Question 22

Treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis

Answer 22

Penicillin or Erythromycin

Question 23

Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-negative aerobic rod
Usually foodborne; it can be transmitted to fetus
Reproduce in phagocytes

Answer 23

Listeriosis

Question 24

Listeriosis is caused by

Answer 24

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 25

Treatment for Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 25

Gentamycin IV if septicemia occurs

Question 26

Foods at high risk of carrying listeria include: foods at ready-to-eat salad bars, sandwich bars and delicatessens ready-to-eat meals soft and semi-soft cheeses unwashed raw vegetables soft-serve ice cream raw shellfish and seafood unpasteurized dairy products cold cured or prepared meats

Answer 26

NA

Question 27

Caused by Clostridium tetani Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe Grows in deep wounds Tetanospasmin released from dead cells blocks relaxation pathway in muscles Prevention by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTP) and booster (dT) Treatment with tetanus immune globulin

Answer 27

Tetanus( Lockjaw)

Question 28

Tetanus( Lockjaw) is caused by

Answer 28

Clostridium tetani

Question 29

Caused by Clostridium botulinum Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe Intoxication comes from ingesting botulinal toxin

Answer 29

Botulism

Question 30

results from C. botulinum growing in intestines

Answer 30

Infant botulism

Question 31

results from growth of Clostridium botulinum in wounds

Answer 31

Wound botulism

Question 32

Botulinal Types 60–70% fatality Found in CA, WA, CO, OR, NM

Answer 32

Type A toxin

Question 33

Botulinal Types 25% fatality Europe and eastern United States

Answer 33

Type B toxin

Question 34

Botulinal Types 25% fatality Found in marine and lake sediments Pacific Northwest, Alaska, Great Lakes area

Answer 34

Type E toxin

Question 35

Also called Hansen’s disease Caused by Mycobacterium leprae Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C. Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person by nasal secretions or droplets.

Answer 35

Leprosy

Question 36

Form of leprosy with Loss of sensation in skin areas; positive lepromin test

Answer 36

Tuberculoid (neural) form:

Question 37

Form of Leprosy with Disfiguring nodules over body; negative lepromin test

Answer 37

Lepromatous (progressive) form:

Question 38

Treatment for leprosy:

Answer 38

Dapsone with Rifampicin, and Clofazimine

Question 39

is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus Transmitted by ingestion Initial symptoms: Sore throat and nausea Viremia may occur; if persistent, virus can enter the CNS Destruction of motor cells and paralysis occurs in <1% of cases

Answer 39

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

Question 40

Caused by the rabies virus Transmitted by animal bite

Answer 40

Rabies

Question 41

type of rabies where Animals are restless then highly excitable

Answer 41

Furious rabies:

Question 42

type of rabies Animals seem unaware of surroundings

Answer 42

Paralytic rabies:

Question 43

- Transmission from saliva of the rabid animal

Answer 43

Zoonosis

Question 44

Injection of human diploid cells vaccine (HDCV)

Answer 44

Preexposure prophylaxis:

Question 45

Vaccine plus rabies immune globulin (RIG)

Answer 45

Postexposure treatment:

Question 46

Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) caused by infection with an arbovirus

Answer 46

Arboviral encephalitis:

Question 47

Arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several families

Answer 47

Arboviral encephalitis:

Question 48

is an infection usually affecting children under 5 years old Virus causing infection usually infects the meninges, which are the protective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 48

Viral Meningitis

Question 49

Soil fungus associated with pigeon and chicken droppings Transmitted by the respiratory route; spreads through blood to the CNS

Answer 49

Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis

Question 50

also known as African sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals.

Answer 50

African Trypanosomiasis

Question 51

this causes Chronic African Trypanosomiasis (2 to 4 years)

Answer 51

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Question 52

this causes Acute African Trypanosomiasis (few months)

Answer 52

T. b. rhodesiense infection

Question 53

this is how African Trypanosomiasis is transmitted

Answer 53

tsetse fly

Question 54

Protozoan that infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water

Answer 54

Naegleria fowleri

Question 55

(commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba” or “brain-eating ameba”), is a free-living microscopic ameba*, (single-celled living organism). It can cause a rare** and devastating infection of the brain called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

Answer 55

Naegleria fowleri

Question 56

Naegleria invades brain and meninges via nasal mucosa; exposure through swimming in contaminated pools, stagnant ponds, freshwater lakes, thermal springs, hot tubs and spas; infection by inhalation of cysts in dust or soil particles

Answer 56

NA

Question 57

are a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions, which are “proteinaceous infectious particles.”

Answer 57

Prion diseases

Question 58

Typical Prion diseases Sheep scrapie Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Kuru Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Answer 58

NA

Question 59

Also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)

Answer 59

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Question 60

Unexplained fatigue that lasts at least 6 months + 4 of these symptoms:

Answer 60

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome