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BIO136 > Finals - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System-2nd - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Finals - Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System-2nd - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system has two main parts:

A

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

is made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

protect brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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5
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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6
Q

Outermost layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater:

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7
Q

Middle layer of the meninges
Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Arachnoid mater:

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8
Q

Innermost layer of the meninges

A

Pia mater:

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9
Q

highly selective semipermeable border that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Blood–brain barrier-

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10
Q

Inflammation of meninges

A

Meningitis:

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11
Q

Inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis:

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12
Q

Inflammation of both the meninges and the brain

A

Meningoencephalitis:

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13
Q

Initial symptoms of fever, headache, and stiff neck
Followed by nausea and vomiting
May progress to convulsions and coma
Diagnosis by Gram stain and latex agglutination of CSF
Treatment: Cephalosporins, vancomycin

A

Bacterial Meningitis

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14
Q

Spinal needle is inserted, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae

A

Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture)

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15
Q

Occurs mostly in children (6 months to 4 years)
Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota
Capsule antigen type B
Symptoms: fever, nausea, sensitivity to light, headaches, stiff neck, anorexia, and seizures.
Prevented by Hib vaccine

A

Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis

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16
Q

Also called meningococcal meningitis
Caused by N. meningitidis
Gram-negative, aerobic cocci with a capsule
Person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from carriers
10% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
Begins as throat infection, rash

A

Neisseria Meningitis

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17
Q

Serotypes B, C, Y, W-135 can be found in

A

U.S.

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18
Q

Serotype B is found in

A

Europe

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19
Q

Serotype A is found in

A

Africa, China, and Middle East

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20
Q

Treatment for Nesseriria Meningitis:

A

Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime( third generation cephalosporin)

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21
Q

Also called pneumococcal meningitis
Caused by S. pneumoniae (a gram-positive diplococcus)
Droplet thru sneezing or coughing
70% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
Most common in children (1 month to 4 years)
Mortality: 30% in children, 80% in elderly

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis

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22
Q

Treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis

A

Penicillin or Erythromycin

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23
Q

Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-negative aerobic rod
Usually foodborne; it can be transmitted to fetus
Reproduce in phagocytes

A

Listeriosis

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24
Q

Listeriosis is caused by

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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25
Q

Treatment for Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gentamycin IV if septicemia occurs

26
Q

Foods at high risk of carrying listeria include:
foods at ready-to-eat salad bars, sandwich bars and delicatessens
ready-to-eat meals
soft and semi-soft cheeses
unwashed raw vegetables
soft-serve ice cream
raw shellfish and seafood
unpasteurized dairy products
cold cured or prepared meats

A

NA

27
Q

Caused by Clostridium tetani
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Grows in deep wounds
Tetanospasmin released from dead cells blocks relaxation pathway in muscles
Prevention by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTP) and booster (dT)
Treatment with tetanus immune globulin

A

Tetanus( Lockjaw)

28
Q

Tetanus( Lockjaw) is caused by

A

Clostridium tetani

29
Q

Caused by Clostridium botulinum
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Intoxication comes from ingesting botulinal toxin

A

Botulism

30
Q

results from C. botulinum growing in intestines

A

Infant botulism

31
Q

results from growth of Clostridium botulinum in wounds

A

Wound botulism

32
Q

Botulinal Types
60–70% fatality
Found in CA, WA, CO, OR, NM

A

Type A toxin

33
Q

Botulinal Types
25% fatality
Europe and eastern United States

A

Type B toxin

34
Q

Botulinal Types
25% fatality
Found in marine and lake sediments
Pacific Northwest, Alaska, Great Lakes area

A

Type E toxin

35
Q

Also called Hansen’s disease
Caused by Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C.
Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person by nasal secretions or droplets.

A

Leprosy

36
Q

Form of leprosy with Loss of sensation in skin areas; positive lepromin test

A

Tuberculoid (neural) form:

37
Q

Form of Leprosy with Disfiguring nodules over body; negative lepromin test

A

Lepromatous (progressive) form:

38
Q

Treatment for leprosy:

A

Dapsone with Rifampicin, and Clofazimine

39
Q

is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus
Transmitted by ingestion
Initial symptoms: Sore throat and nausea
Viremia may occur; if persistent, virus can enter the CNS
Destruction of motor cells and paralysis occurs in <1% of cases

A

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

40
Q

Caused by the rabies virus
Transmitted by animal bite

A

Rabies

41
Q

type of rabies where Animals are restless then highly excitable

A

Furious rabies:

42
Q

type of rabies Animals seem unaware of surroundings

A

Paralytic rabies:

43
Q
  • Transmission from saliva of the rabid animal
A

Zoonosis

44
Q

Injection of human diploid cells vaccine (HDCV)

A

Preexposure prophylaxis:

45
Q

Vaccine plus rabies immune globulin (RIG)

A

Postexposure treatment:

46
Q

Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) caused by infection with an arbovirus

A

Arboviral encephalitis:

47
Q

Arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several families

A

Arboviral encephalitis:

48
Q

is an infection usually affecting children under 5 years old
Virus causing infection usually
infects the meninges, which are the
protective tissue coverings of the
brain and spinal cord

A

Viral Meningitis

49
Q

Soil fungus associated with pigeon and chicken droppings
Transmitted by the respiratory route; spreads through blood to the CNS

A

Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis

50
Q

also known as African sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals.

A

African Trypanosomiasis

51
Q

this causes Chronic African Trypanosomiasis (2 to 4 years)

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

52
Q

this causes Acute African Trypanosomiasis (few months)

A

T. b. rhodesiense infection

53
Q

this is how African Trypanosomiasis is transmitted

A

tsetse fly

54
Q

Protozoan that infects the nasal mucosa from swimming water

A

Naegleria fowleri

55
Q

(commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba” or “brain-eating ameba”), is a free-living microscopic ameba*, (single-celled living organism).
It can cause a rare** and devastating infection of the brain called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

A

Naegleria fowleri

56
Q

Naegleria invades brain and meninges via nasal mucosa; exposure through swimming in contaminated pools, stagnant ponds, freshwater lakes, thermal springs, hot tubs and spas; infection by inhalation of cysts in dust or soil particles

A

NA

57
Q

are a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions, which are “proteinaceous infectious particles.”

A

Prion diseases

58
Q

Typical Prion diseases
Sheep scrapie
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Kuru
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A

NA

59
Q

Also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)

A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

60
Q

Unexplained fatigue that lasts at least 6 months + 4 of these symptoms:

A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

BIO136 (16 decks)

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