Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards
is a substance that either kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.
Antimicrobials
History
The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of ___ and ___, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another.
Pasteur and Joubert
Antimicrobial use is known to have been common practice for at least 2000 years.
Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection
The first known use of antibiotics was by the ancient Chinese over 2,500 years ago.
Chinese have discovered the therapeutic properties of moldy soybeans and used this substance to cure furuncles (pimples), carbuncles( boils), and similar infections.
coined the term chemotherapy
Ehrlich (1854-1915)
1929 Penicillin discovered by ___
Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was the first to characterize penicillin’s activity. He found mold
contaminating his culture plates, with the clearing of staphylococcal colonies all around the mold. Fleming then isolated penicillin from the mold.
suggested that the usage of Quinine to cure malaria
Romanovsky
studied selective toxicity in the early 1900s
Paul Ehrlich
____ and ___ developed Salvarsan( Arsphenamine) against syphilis in 1910.
Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata
They created the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial diseases
Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata
Sulfa drugs: discovered by ___ in the 1930s
Gerhard Domagk
Inhibit the growth of bacteria, ___ is the simplest
sulfanilamide
___ is a growth analog effective only against Mycobacterium
Isoniazid
Gerhard Domagk found that a chemical named ___ was effective in treating experimental infections in vivo “within the living”
Prontosil
1929: ___ discovered penicillin
Fleming
1940: ___ and ___ performed the first clinical trials of penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
1942: ___, ___, and ___ utilized Fleming’s work to purify and extract penicillin for medicinal uses earning them the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Edward Abraham
____, the first of the AMINOGLYCOSIDE antimicrobials was discovered by Selman Waksman in 1944 and the father of Antibiotic
STREPTOMYCIN
___ was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing 22 antibiotics—most notably Streptomycin
Selman Waksman
the year chloramphenicol, neomycin, and tetracycline were discovered.
1953
the father of the Antibiotic
Selman Waksman
The first hospital use of a drug that we would name an antibiotic today was the so-called ___
Pyocyanase
Pyocyanase prepared by ___ and ___
Rudolph Emmerich and Löw
Pyocyanase prepared by Rudolph Emmerich and Löw (1899) from ___
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The antibiotic era began with the pneumatic application of ___ drugs, followed by a “golden” period of discovery from about 1945 to 1970
nitroglycerine
The term ‘___’, meaning “against life,”
antibiosis
The term ‘antibiosis’, meaning “against life,” was introduced by the French bacteriologist ___ as a descriptive name for the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.
Vuillemin
- use of drugs to treat disease directly against
Chemotherapy
synthetic chemicals or any defined chemical (drug) used to treat disease caused by an invading organism, e.g., bacteria, virus, protozoan, or metazoan.
Chemotherapeutic agent-
-a microbial product or its derivatives that kills or inhibits the growth of susceptible organisms
Antibiotic
—is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms
Infection
are chemicals that are too toxic for systemic use, but that are used as topical anti-infectives
Antiseptics
are anti-infectives that are so toxic that they are applied only to inanimate objects.
Disinfectants
___ drug: A drug that is used to inhibit the pathogenic activity of bacteria is called an antibacterial drug. Example: Zithromax.
Antibacterial
___ drug: A drug that is used to prevent fungal activity in the host is called an antifungal drug. Example: Miconazole
Antifungal
___ agent: A drug that is used to stop the pathogenic action of a virus is called as antiviral agent. Example: Tamiflu.
Antiviral
___ drug: A drug used to prevent pathogenic parasites’ growth.
Example: Anthelmintics
Antiparasitic
Zithromax is an example of a ___
Antibacterial
Miconazole is an example of a ___
Antifungal
Tamiflu is an example of a ___
Antifungal
Anthelmintics is an example of a ___
Antiviral
Antibiotics cannot fight viral infections.
Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotics either kill or slow the growth of bacteria.
Side effects can include diarrhea, an upset stomach, and nausea.
Amoxicillin. Drug Class:
Penicillin Antibiotics. …
Augmentin
(amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate)
Keflex
(cephalexin)
Cleocin
(clindamycin)
Zithromax
(azithromycin)
Morgidox
(doxycycline hyclate)
Vibramycin
(doxycycline hyclate)
Flagyl
(metronidazole)
___ are eukaryotic heterophic( not self-sustaining) organisms that live as saprobes or parasites.
They are complex organisms in comparison to bacteria.
Fungi
Fungal infections are called as ___
mycoses
An example of an azole drug is ___, commonly used to treat athlete’s foot, ringworm, vaginal yeast infections, and oral thrush
Clotrimazole
___- Impairs ergosterol synthesis - Voriconazole
Azole
___- Impairs ß 1,3 glucan synthesis - Caspofungin
Echinocandin
___ - Impairs pyrimidine metabolism - Flucytosine
Nucleoside analog
___- Binds to ergosterol - Amphotericin B deoxycholate
Polyene
: a major component of fungal cell membranes.
Ergosterol
: the study of fungi
Mycology
any agent that is used in the treatment of an infectious disease caused by a virus.
Antiviral drug,
are responsible for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, herpes simplex type I (cold sores of the mouth) and type II (genital herpes), herpes zoster (shingles), viral hepatitis, encephalitis, infectious mononucleosis, and the common cold.
Viruses
Used to treat infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS
Antiretroviral drugs
are used to treat infestations caused by a diverse and complex group of organisms encompassing the unicellular protozoa, which have intricate life cycles often involving more than one host, as well as the helminths, which have highly developed organ systems
Antiparasitic agents
(for most nematode infections)
Mebendazole
(for most nematode infections)
Pyrantel pamoate
(for roundworm infections)
Thiabendazole
(for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)
Diethylcarbamazine
(for prevention of river blindness)
Ivermectin
(for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)
Melarsoprol
(for sleeping sickness)
Eflornithine
(for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)
Metronidazole
(for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia)
Tinidazole
Computers can now be used to design molecules to interact with specific microbial structures
Most successful example is ___
Binds to active site of HIV protease
saquinavir
New methods of screening natural products are being used
Led to the discovery of ___
platensimycin
-the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.
Bacteriophage therapy
