Antimicrobial Agents

Question 1

is a substance that either kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.

Answer 1

Antimicrobials

Question 2

History
The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of ___ and ___, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another.

Answer 2

Pasteur and Joubert

Question 3

Antimicrobial use is known to have been common practice for at least 2000 years.
Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection
The first known use of antibiotics was by the ancient Chinese over 2,500 years ago.
Chinese have discovered the therapeutic properties of moldy soybeans and used this substance to cure furuncles (pimples), carbuncles( boils), and similar infections.

Question 4

coined the term chemotherapy

Answer 4

Ehrlich (1854-1915)

Question 5

1929 Penicillin discovered by ___

Answer 5

Alexander Fleming

Question 6

Alexander Fleming was the first to characterize penicillin’s activity. He found mold
contaminating his culture plates, with the clearing of staphylococcal colonies all around the mold. Fleming then isolated penicillin from the mold.

Question 7

suggested that the usage of Quinine to cure malaria

Answer 7

Romanovsky

Question 8

studied selective toxicity in the early 1900s

Answer 8

Paul Ehrlich

Question 9

____ and ___ developed Salvarsan( Arsphenamine) against syphilis in 1910.

Answer 9

Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata

Question 10

They created the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial diseases

Answer 10

Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata

Question 11

Sulfa drugs: discovered by ___ in the 1930s

Answer 11

Gerhard Domagk

Question 12

Inhibit the growth of bacteria, ___ is the simplest

Answer 12

sulfanilamide

Question 13

___ is a growth analog effective only against Mycobacterium

Answer 13

Isoniazid

Question 14

Gerhard Domagk found that a chemical named ___ was effective in treating experimental infections in vivo “within the living”

Answer 14

Prontosil

Question 15

1929: ___ discovered penicillin

Answer 15

Fleming

Question 16

1940: ___ and ___ performed the first clinical trials of penicillin

Answer 16

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

Question 17

1942: ___, ___, and ___ utilized Fleming’s work to purify and extract penicillin for medicinal uses earning them the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Answer 17

Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Edward Abraham

Question 18

____, the first of the AMINOGLYCOSIDE antimicrobials was discovered by Selman Waksman in 1944 and the father of Antibiotic

Answer 18

STREPTOMYCIN

Question 19

___ was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing 22 antibiotics—most notably Streptomycin

Answer 19

Selman Waksman

Question 20

the year chloramphenicol, neomycin, and tetracycline were discovered.

Answer 20

1953

Question 21

the father of the Antibiotic

Answer 21

Selman Waksman

Question 22

The first hospital use of a drug that we would name an antibiotic today was the so-called ___

Answer 22

Pyocyanase

Question 23

Pyocyanase prepared by ___ and ___

Answer 23

Rudolph Emmerich and Löw

Question 24

Pyocyanase prepared by Rudolph Emmerich and Löw (1899) from ___

Answer 24

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 25

The antibiotic era began with the pneumatic application of ___ drugs, followed by a "golden" period of discovery from about 1945 to 1970

Answer 25

nitroglycerine

Question 26

The term ‘___’, meaning “against life,”

Answer 26

antibiosis

Question 27

The term ‘antibiosis’, meaning “against life,” was introduced by the French bacteriologist ___ as a descriptive name for the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.

Answer 27

Vuillemin

Question 28

- use of drugs to treat disease directly against

Answer 28

Chemotherapy

Question 29

synthetic chemicals or any defined chemical (drug) used to treat disease caused by an invading organism, e.g., bacteria, virus, protozoan, or metazoan.

Answer 29

Chemotherapeutic agent-

Question 30

-a microbial product or its derivatives that kills or inhibits the growth of susceptible organisms

Answer 30

Antibiotic

Question 31

—is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms

Answer 31

Infection

Question 32

are chemicals that are too toxic for systemic use, but that are used as topical anti-infectives

Answer 32

Antiseptics

Question 33

are anti-infectives that are so toxic that they are applied only to inanimate objects.

Answer 33

Disinfectants

Question 34

___ drug: A drug that is used to inhibit the pathogenic activity of bacteria is called an antibacterial drug. Example: Zithromax.

Answer 34

Antibacterial

Question 35

___ drug: A drug that is used to prevent fungal activity in the host is called an antifungal drug. Example: Miconazole

Answer 35

Antifungal

Question 36

___ agent: A drug that is used to stop the pathogenic action of a virus is called as antiviral agent. Example: Tamiflu.

Answer 36

Antiviral

Question 37

___ drug: A drug used to prevent pathogenic parasites' growth. Example: Anthelmintics

Answer 37

Antiparasitic

Question 38

Zithromax is an example of a ___

Answer 38

Antibacterial

Question 39

Miconazole is an example of a ___

Answer 39

Antifungal

Question 40

Tamiflu is an example of a ___

Answer 40

Antifungal

Question 41

Anthelmintics is an example of a ___

Answer 41

Antiviral

Question 42

Antibiotics cannot fight viral infections. Fleming predicted the rise of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics either kill or slow the growth of bacteria. Side effects can include diarrhea, an upset stomach, and nausea.

Question 43

Amoxicillin. Drug Class:

Answer 43

Penicillin Antibiotics. ...

Question 44

Augmentin

Answer 44

(amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate)

Question 45

Keflex

Answer 45

(cephalexin)

Question 46

Cleocin

Answer 46

(clindamycin)

Question 47

Zithromax

Answer 47

(azithromycin)

Question 48

Morgidox

Answer 48

(doxycycline hyclate)

Question 49

Vibramycin

Answer 49

(doxycycline hyclate)

Question 50

Flagyl

Answer 50

(metronidazole)

Question 51

___ are eukaryotic heterophic( not self-sustaining) organisms that live as saprobes or parasites. They are complex organisms in comparison to bacteria.

Answer 51

Fungi

Question 52

Fungal infections are called as ___

Answer 52

mycoses

Question 53

An example of an azole drug is ___, commonly used to treat athlete's foot, ringworm, vaginal yeast infections, and oral thrush

Answer 53

Clotrimazole

Question 54

___- Impairs ergosterol synthesis - Voriconazole

Answer 54

Azole

Question 55

___- Impairs ß 1,3 glucan synthesis - Caspofungin

Answer 55

Echinocandin

Question 56

___ - Impairs pyrimidine metabolism - Flucytosine

Answer 56

Nucleoside analog

Question 57

___- Binds to ergosterol - Amphotericin B deoxycholate

Answer 57

Polyene

Question 58

: a major component of fungal cell membranes.

Answer 58

Ergosterol

Question 59

: the study of fungi

Answer 59

Mycology

Question 60

any agent that is used in the treatment of an infectious disease caused by a virus.

Answer 60

Antiviral drug,

Question 61

are responsible for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, herpes simplex type I (cold sores of the mouth) and type II (genital herpes), herpes zoster (shingles), viral hepatitis, encephalitis, infectious mononucleosis, and the common cold.

Answer 61

Viruses

Question 62

Used to treat infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS

Answer 62

Antiretroviral drugs

Question 63

are used to treat infestations caused by a diverse and complex group of organisms encompassing the unicellular protozoa, which have intricate life cycles often involving more than one host, as well as the helminths, which have highly developed organ systems

Answer 63

Antiparasitic agents

Question 64

(for most nematode infections)

Answer 64

Mebendazole

Question 65

(for most nematode infections)

Answer 65

Pyrantel pamoate

Question 66

(for roundworm infections)

Answer 66

Thiabendazole

Question 67

(for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis)

Answer 67

Diethylcarbamazine

Question 68

(for prevention of river blindness)

Answer 68

Ivermectin

Question 69

(for treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei)

Answer 69

Melarsoprol

Question 70

(for sleeping sickness)

Answer 70

Eflornithine

Question 71

(for vaginitis caused by Trichomonas)

Answer 71

Metronidazole

Question 72

(for intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia)

Answer 72

Tinidazole

Question 73

Computers can now be used to design molecules to interact with specific microbial structures Most successful example is ___ Binds to active site of HIV protease

Answer 73

saquinavir

Question 74

New methods of screening natural products are being used Led to the discovery of ___

Answer 74

platensimycin

Question 75

-the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.

Answer 75

Bacteriophage therapy